Chinese Character Simplification Scheme
Traditional Chinese漢字簡化方案
Simplified Chinese汉字简化方案

The Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (simplified Chinese: 汉字简化方案; traditional Chinese: 漢字簡化方案; pinyin: Hànzì jiǎnhuà fāng'àn) is the standardized simplification of Chinese characters promulgated in the 1950s by the State Council of the People's Republic of China. It contains the existing Simplified Chinese characters that are in use today. To distinguish from the later Second round of simplified Chinese characters, this reform is also known as the First Chinese Character Simplification Scheme.

History

In 1952, the Language Reform Research Committee of China first drafted the List of Frequently Used Simplification of Chinese Characters (常用漢字簡化表草案), affirming the principle of "only describing and stating the concepts of the ancient [Han] people, not creating [new characters]" (Chinese: 述而不作; pinyin: shù ér bù zuò).[1]

The Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) was published on 7 January 1955 for public consultation. It consists of three sections: List of simplification of 798 characters (draft) (798個漢字簡化表草案), List of 400 variant characters intended to be abolished (draft) (擬廢除的400個異體字表草案) and List of simplification in handwriting of character components (draft) (漢字偏旁手寫簡化表草案). The second and third sections were deleted in the modification process. The modified Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) was passed by the National Language Reform Meeting after discussion in October 1955, followed by modifications by the Language Reform Committee of China in accordance to the outcome of the discussions. The modified draft was reviewed by the State Council's Committee for the Application of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme.

On 21 November 1955, the Ministry of Education issued a Notice Regarding the Implementation of Simplified Chinese Character in All Schools (關於在各級學校推行簡化漢字的通知).[2] The People's Liberation Army General Political Department made similar notices in the same month.

On 28 January 1956, the 23rd State Council Plenary Meeting passed the Resolution Regarding the Promulgation of the "Chinese Character Simplification Scheme" (關於公布〈漢字簡化方案〉的決議).

On 31 January 1956, the People's Daily published in full about the Resolution Regarding the Promulgation of the "Chinese Character Simplification Scheme" and the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (漢字簡化方案). The first list of the scheme was used nationwide on 1 February 1956, and the rest was put into use in batches later.[3]

Later development

Comparison between the 1955 simplification scheme draft (middle rows each third) and the final simplified character set released in 1956 (bottom rows), alongside traditional character equivalents for reference (top rows).

Significant changes were subsequently made to this scheme, in particular the introduction of the principle of simplification by analogy. In May 1964, the Language Reform Committee published the List of Simplified Chinese Characters (simplified Chinese: 简化字总表; traditional Chinese: 簡化字總表; pinyin: Jiǎnhuà zì zǒng biǎo) to address the defects found in the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme.

It is divided into three parts. The first part records 352 simplified characters that are not used as radicals; The second part records simplified characters that may be used as radicals and 14 simplified radicals; The third part records 1,754 simplified characters that are formed according to its radicals. There are a total of 2,238 characters (realistically only 2,236 characters, as the characters 签 qiān and 须 xū appear twice as duplicates).

The Language Reform Committee of China proposed the Second Chinese Character Simplification Scheme (Draft) on 20 December 1977, rescinded in 1986.

Structure

The Chinese Character Simplification Scheme is divided into three parts. The first part consists of 230 simplified characters; the second part consists of 285 simplified characters; the third part consists of 54 simplified components. The first and second parts differ in their time of implementation; the first part was to be implemented the day after the announcement, while the second part was mostly implemented in three batches later between 1956 and 1959 after further trials and slight changes, leaving out 28 simplified characters which were implemented in 1964 when the List of Simplified Chinese Characters was published.[3]

Controversy

The simplification of Chinese characters met strong resistance from the public and the academia. The prominent scholar Chen Mengjia was one of the outspoken critics of the scheme. When the Anti-Rightist Movement began in 1957, Chen was labeled a Rightist and attacked as an enemy of the Communist Party. In 1966, at the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, Chen was again severely persecuted for his ideas and committed suicide.[4]

On 10 January 1958, Premier Zhou Enlai gave a report on the task of Chinese writing reform, in which he criticized "rightists" for opposing the scheme, saying that the opposition was used to undermine the party and state. He went on to state that simplification was "in line with the interests of the general public," and "should be strongly supported."[5]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 李, 宇明 (May 2009). "信息时代的语言文字标准化工作*" (PDF). 教育部语言文字信息管理司. 2: 4. Retrieved 20 May 2022.
  2. ↑ "教育部關於在中学、小学、各級師範学校及工農業餘学校推行簡化漢字的通知" (PDF). 中華人民共和國國务院公報 (Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China) (21): 1036–1037. 1955.
  3. 1 2 "国务院关于公布汉字简化方案的决议 (State Council's resolution regarding the promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme)". Archived from the original on 29 November 2012. Retrieved 21 October 2013.
  4. ↑ Hessler, Peter (2009). Oracle Bones: A Journey Through Time in China. HarperCollins. p. 386. ISBN 9780060826598.
  5. ↑ Zhou, Enlai (1958). "当前文字改革的任务" (PDF). 中华人民共和国国务院公报 (in Chinese) (129): 35–44.
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