 | |
| Location | Zandvoort, North Holland, Netherlands |
|---|---|
| Time zone | CET (UTC+1) CEST (DST) |
| Coordinates | 52°23′19.75″N 4°32′27.32″E / 52.3888194°N 4.5409222°E |
| Capacity | 105,000 |
| FIA Grade | 1 |
| Owner | Prince Bernhard of Orange-Nassau Menno de Jong |
| Opened | 7 August 1948[1] |
| Former names | Circuit van Zandvoort (1948–1988) Circuit Park Zandvoort (1989–2016) Circuit Zandvoort (2017–2019) |
| Major events | Current:
Former:
|
| Website | https://www.circuitzandvoort.nl |
| Grand Prix Circuit (2020–present) | |
| Length | 4.259 km (2.646 miles) |
| Turns | 14 |
| Race lap record | 1:11.097 ( Lewis Hamilton, Mercedes W12, 2021, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1999–2019) | |
| Length | 4.307 km (2.676 miles) |
| Turns | 15 |
| Race lap record | 1:21.044 ( Klaas Zwart, Jaguar R5 F1, 2019, Formula One) |
| Club Circuit (1990–1998) | |
| Length | 2.526 km (1.570 miles) |
| Turns | 9 |
| Race lap record | 1:01.043 ( Kelvin Burt, Reynard 923, 1992, Formula Three) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1980–1989) | |
| Length | 4.252 km (2.642 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:16.538 ( Alain Prost, McLaren MP4/2B, 1985, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1972–1979) | |
| Length | 4.226 km (2.626 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:19.438 (.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Gilles Villeneuve, Ferrari 312T4, 1979, Formula One) |
| Grand Prix Circuit (1948–1971) | |
| Length | 4.193 km (2.605 miles) |
| Turns | 19 |
| Race lap record | 1:19.23 (.svg.png.webp){kind=small} Jacky Ickx, Ferrari 312B, 1970, Formula One) |
Circuit Zandvoort (Dutch pronunciation: [sɪrˈkʋi ˈzɑntˌfoːrt]), known for sponsorship reasons as CM.com Circuit Zandvoort, previously known as Circuit Park Zandvoort until 2017, is a 4.259 km (2.646 mi) motorsport race track located in the dunes north of Zandvoort, the Netherlands, near the North Sea coast line. It returned to the Formula One calendar in 2021 as the location of the revived Dutch Grand Prix.
History
1930s to mid 1980s
There were plans for races at Zandvoort before World War II: the first street race was held on 3 June 1939. However, a permanent race track was not constructed until after the war, using communications roads built by the occupying German army. Contrary to popular belief John Hugenholtz cannot be credited with the design of the Zandvoort track, although he was involved as the chairman of the Nederlandse Automobiel Ren Club (Dutch Auto Racing Club) before becoming the first track director in 1949.[2] Instead, it was 1927 Le Mans winner, S. C. H. "Sammy" Davis who was brought in as a track design advisor in July 1946[3] although the layout was partly dictated by the existing roads.
The first race on the circuit, the Prijs van Zandvoort, took place on 7 August 1948.[4] The race was renamed the Grote Prijs van Zandvoort (Zandvoort Grand Prix) in 1949, then the Grote Prijs van Nederland (Dutch Grand Prix) in 1950. The 1952 race was the first to be run as a round of the World Championship, albeit to Formula Two regulations rather than Formula One regulations like all the European rounds of the championship that year; a similar situation also applied to the 1953. There was no Dutch Grand Prix in 1954, 1956 or 1957, but 1955 saw the first true Formula One race as part of the Drivers' Championship. The Dutch Grand Prix returned in 1958 and remained a permanent fixture on the F1 calendar (with the exception of 1972) through 1985, when it was held for the last time in the 20th century.
Since 1985
To solve a number of problems that had made it impossible to develop and upgrade the circuit, most importantly noise pollution for Zandvoort inhabitants living closest to the track, the track management developed and adopted a plan to move the most southern part of the track away from the nearby housing estate, and rebuild a more compact track in the remaining former 'infield'. In January 1987 this plan got the necessary 'green light' when it was formally approved by the Provincial Council of North Holland. However, only a couple of months later a new problem arose: the company that commercially ran the circuit (CENAV), called in the receiver and went out of business, marking the end of 'Circuit Zandvoort'. Again the track, owned by the municipality of Zandvoort, was in danger of being permanently lost for motorsports. However, a new operating foundation, the "Stichting Exploitatie Circuit Park", was formed and started work at the realization of the track's reconstruction plans. Circuit Park Zandvoort was born and in the summer of 1989 the track was remodeled to an interim Club Circuit of 2.526 km (1.570 mi), while the disposed southern part of the track was used to build a Vendorado Bungalow Park and new premises for the local football and field-hockey clubs.
In 1995, CPZ (Circuit Park Zandvoort) got the "A Status" of the government of the Netherlands and began building an international Grand Prix Circuit. This project was finished in 2001 when, after the track was redesigned to a 4.307 km (2.676 mi) long circuit and a new pits building was realized (by HPG, the development company of John Hugenholtz Jr., son of the former director), a new grandstand was situated along the long straight. One of the major events that is held at the circuit, along with DTM and A1GP, is the RTL Masters of Formula 3, where Formula Three cars of several national racing series compete with each other (originally called Marlboro Masters, before tobacco advertising ban). A noise restriction order was responsible for this event moving to the Belgian Circuit Zolder for 2007 and 2008. However, the race returned to its historical home in 2009.[5]
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Circuit Park Zandvoort played host to the first race in the 2006/07 season of A1 Grand Prix from 29 September–1 October 2006. On 21 August 2008, the official A1GP site reported that the 2008/09 season's first race has moved from the Mugello Circuit, Italy to Zandvoort on the 4–5 October 2008 due to the delay in the building the new chassis for the new race cars. The Dutch round moved to TT Circuit Assen in 2010.[6] A1GP bankrupted before its fifth season and the Dutch round was replaced with Superleague Formula.
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In November 2018 reported that Formula One Management (FOM) had invited the owners of the Zandvoort race track to make a proposal to stage a Grand Prix race in 2020.[7] In March 2019, it was confirmed that a letter of intent had been signed between Zandvoort and FOM to stage the Dutch Grand Prix, dependent on private funding being secured to cover the cost of hosting the race. A deadline of 31 March 2019 was set for a final decision to be made.[8] On 14 May 2019 it was confirmed that Zandvoort would host the Dutch Grand Prix for 2020 and beyond for a duration of at least three years, with the option to host another two years beyond that.[9]
Several alterations were made to the track by Jarno Zaffelli to bring it up to date with F1 standards, including adding banking to turn 14 (Arie Luyendijkbocht) and turn 3 (Hugenholtzbocht), but the layout as a whole remained the same.[10][11] The municipality of Zandvoort invested four million euros into the infrastructure around the circuit to improve the accessibility to the track.[12][13] On 29 August 2019, the 2020 Dutch Grand Prix at Zandvoort was included as the fifth race on the provisional schedule, listed on 3 May 2020, between the Chinese Grand Prix and Spanish Grand Prix.[14] The 2020 scheduled appearance was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic,[15] however F1 racing did finally return to the circuit on 5 September 2021.[16] On 17 September 2019, it was announced that Zandvoort would host the FIA Formula 2 Championship and FIA Formula 3 Championship, replacing the series' support races at Circuit Paul Ricard.[17][18][19]
The circuit
The circuit gained popularity because of its fast, sweeping corners such as Scheivlak as well as the "Tarzanbocht" (Tarzan corner) hairpin at the end of the start/finish straight. Tarzanbocht is the most famous corner in the circuit. Since there is a camber in the corner, it provides excellent overtaking opportunities. It is possible to pass around the outside as well as the easier inside lane.[20] This corner is reportedly named after a local character who had earned the nickname of Tarzan and only wanted to give up his vegetable garden in the dunes if the track's designers named a nearby corner after him. On the other hand, many different stories about Tarzan Corner are known.
The circuit design has been modified and altered several times:
- 1948–1971: length 4.193 kilometers (2.605 mi)
- 1972–1979: length 4.226 kilometers (2.626 mi)
- 1980–1989: length 4.252 kilometers (2.642 mi)
- 1990–1998: length 2.526 kilometers (1.570 mi)
- 1999–2019: length 4.307 kilometers (2.676 mi)
- 2020–present: length 4.259 kilometers (2.646 mi)
Track configurations
Grand Prix Circuit (1948–1971)
Grand Prix Circuit (1972–1979)
Grand Prix Circuit (1980–1989)
Grand Prix Circuit (1990–1998)
Grand Prix Circuit (1999–2019)- Grand Prix Circuit (2020–present)
The corners are named as follows (the numbers correspond to the present map, starting at the start/finish line):[21]
- Tarzan corner (1)
- Gerlach corner (2)
- Hugenholtz corner (3)
- Hunserug (4)
- Slotemaker corner (5)
- Nameless corner (6)
- Scheivlak (7)
- Masters corner (formerly Marlboro corner) (8)
- Nameless corner (formerly Renault corner) (9)
- CM.com corner (formerly the Vodafone corner) (10)
- Hans Ernst corner 1 and Hans Ernst corner 2 (formerly Audi S corners) (11 + 12)
- Nameless corner (formerly Kumho corner) (13)
- Arie Luyendyk corner (formerly Bos Uit corner) (14)
The elevation difference is 8.9 m (29 ft).
Turns 3 and 13/14 are extremely cambered corners; turn 3 has a 19-degree bank while turns 13/14 have an 18-degree bank.
Events
- Current
- April: Supercar Challenge Voorjaarsraces, Fun Cup, Marcel Albers Memorial Trophy
- May: Historic Zandvoort Trophy, Pinksterraces
- June: Formula Regional European Championship, Deutsche Tourenwagen Masters, ADAC GT Masters, Porsche Carrera Cup Germany, Porsche Carrera Cup Benelux, FIA Masters Historic Formula One Championship Zandvoort Historic Grand Prix
- July: Eurocup-3 Zandvoort Summer Trophy, GB3 Championship, F4 British Championship, Prototype Cup Germany
- August: Formula One Dutch Grand Prix, F1 Academy, Porsche Supercup
- September: Supercar Challenge BetCity Trophy of the Dunes
- Former
- 24H Series
- 12H Zandvoort (2014–2016)
- ADAC Formel Masters (2012, 2014)
- ADAC Formula 4 (2016, 2019, 2021–2022)
- ADAC GT4 Germany (2019, 2021–2023)
- Alpine Elf Europa Cup (2022)
- BMW M1 Procar Championship (1979–1980)
- BOSS GP (2002, 2006, 2009–2014, 2017)
- European Formula 5000 Championship (1969–1970, 1973–1975)
- European Formula Two Championship (1967–1968, 1979–1980)
- European Touring Car Championship (1963–1975, 1977–1979)
- European Truck Racing Cup (1990)
- FIA European Formula 3 Championship (1976–1983)
- FIA Formula 2 Championship (2022–2023)
- FIA Formula 3 Championship (2021–2022)
- FIA Formula 3 European Championship (2011–2013, 2015–2018)
- French F4 Championship (2020)
- Formula 3 Euro Series (2003–2012)
- Formula Renault Eurocup (2020)
- GT World Challenge Europe (2015, 2019–2023)
- Lamborghini Super Trofeo Europe (2019, 2021)
- RTL GP Masters of F3 (1991–2006, 2009–2016)
- Porsche Carrera Cup France (2016, 2018, 2022)
- SMP F4 Championship (2016)
- Super Tourenwagen Cup (1994)
- TCR Europe Touring Car Series (2021)
- World Touring Car Championship
- World Touring Car Cup
- FIA WTCR Race of the Netherlands (2018–2019)
- W Series (2021)
Lap records
The official lap record for the current circuit layout is 1:11.097, set by Lewis Hamilton driving for Mercedes in the 2021 Dutch Grand Prix. The all-time fastest official track record set during a race weekend for the current Grand Prix Circuit layout is 1:08.885, set by Max Verstappen during qualifying for the aforementioned Grand Prix. As of October 2023, the official race lap records at the Circuit Zandvoort are listed as:[22]
Fatal accidents
In the history of the circuit, several fatal accidents have occurred.
| Name | Date | Description |
|---|---|---|
| Hendrik Dik | 22 March 1952 | Dik's Peugeot did not stop after completing the stage, but went straight on through some fences. The car then hit a small hill and rolled. It was later determined that Dik had suffered a fatal heart attack at the wheel of his car. |
| Wim Gerlach | 10 June 1957 | Wim Gerlach rolled his Porsche during a sportscar race at Zandvoort on 9 June 1957. The car was not equipped with a rollcage and Gerlach, who was not wearing seatbelts, had his head crushed between the door of the car and the earth bank. The corner where the accident occurred was later named the Gerlachbocht. |
| Werner Engel | 30 April 1958 | Crashed his Mercedes 300SL cabriolet during the final stage of that year's Tulip Rally. As was usual at the time, the Tulip Rally's final stage was run as a race at Zandvoort, but in anti-clockwise direction, so as to counter unfair advantages for drivers with racing experience of the track. Engel's car crashed and overturned on the back-stretch of the track, on the short straight leading away from Tunnel-Oost (in the direction of Scheivlak corner) and came to rest upside down on the track. |
| Ian Raby | 7 November 1967 | Seriously injured on 5th lap of the Zandvoort Grand Prix, 7th round of the 1967 European Formula 2 Championship. |
| Chris Lambert | 28 July 1968 | Lambert was killed after he collided with Clay Regazzoni during the Dutch round of the European Formula 2 Championship, launching Lambert's Brabham BT23C over the guardrail and onto the pedestrian path below.[67] |
| Piers Courage | 21 June 1970 | The suspension or steering in Courage's car broke on the flat out 'Tunnel Oost' section. Instead of rounding the bend, the car went straight on into the steep dunes, disintegrated on impact and caught fire as the engine broke away from the monocoque; automatic fuel-sealing equipment was not yet being used. During the impact one of the front wheels broke loose and hit Courage's head, taking off his helmet (wheel and helmet came rolling out of the cloud of dust simultaneously). It is assumed that Courage was killed instantly (or at least severely wounded and knocked unconscious) when the wheel hit him, rather than dying in the subsequent fire, as the monocoque was upright (not upside down, as is often stated by those who confuse the Courage and Williamson accidents) when it came to rest and did not seem to trap its driver in any way. |
| Roger Williamson | 29 July 1973 | Williamson lost control of his car due to a suspected tyre failure during the 1973 Dutch Grand Prix and crashed into the barriers, spun upside-down and caught fire. David Purley stopped his own race and tried unsuccessfully to save Williamson. The circuit was poorly prepared and not enough fire extinguishers were on hand. |
| Rob Slotemaker | 29 July 1979 | Slotemaker was killed when he crashed his Chevrolet Camaro during the "Trophy of the Dunes" touring car race. His car spun on a patch of oil and collided with a course car parked alongside the track. Despite the relatively minor force of the accident, he suffered a broken neck and died instantly. A section of the circuit, the left-hander after Hunserug, is named in his memory.[68] |
| Hans-Georg Bürger | 20 July 1980 | Crashed in his Tiga F280-BMW at Scheivlak corner during the warm-up for the Grote Prijs van Zandvoort, the Dutch round of the European Formula 2 Championship. He succumbed to his head injuries in hospital two days later. |
| Alain Vinckx | 29 May 1987 | During a World Record Day event Vinckx was killed when he attempted a stunt in which he drove a Chevrolet Camaro through four buses placed back to back. The second bus was positioned too low, the roof of the car was cut from it by the roof of the bus. Vinckx was unable to duck away from danger and was decapitated. |
| Oliver Heimann | 30 March 1991 | Heimann was unable to avoid the car of another competitor which had come to a standstill. Heimann broke his neck in the accident; he died in a hospital in Haarlem, about one hour after the crash. |
| Henk Schoorstra | 29 July 2010 | After colliding with another car, Henk Schoorstra's single-seater went out of control and crashed into the guard rail between Hunserug and the Rob Slotemaker bend. The driver was able to drive the car into the run-off area but it caught fire and Schoorstra was killed at the scene. |
| David Ferrer | 2 September 2017 | During the Historic Grand Prix Zandvoort Ferrer crashed with his March 701 from 1970. The accident happened in the Arie Luyendijkbocht where he lost control of the car and crashed into the barriers. Marshalls got him out of the car and Ferrer was brought to a hospital, where he later died due to his injuries.[69] |
Cycling and running competitions
Motor racer Willy Koppen was the first woman to participate in motor trials in the early fifties on the circuit. In August 1959 the UCI Road World Championships men's race was held at Zandvoort. André Darrigade of France won the 180 mi (290 km) race, Tom Simpson (Britain) was 4th.[70] In 1994 a large interregional amateur race cycling race was organised by HSV De Kampioen in Haarlem. Since 2008, the course has been used as the venue for the Runner's World Zandvoort Circuit Run, a 5-kilometre road running competition.[71] The 2010 edition of the race attracted Lornah Kiplagat, a multiple world champion, who won the ladies 5 km race.[72]
The Cycling Zandvoort 24h race was first held on 25–26 May 2013. It is open for public for soloists and teams up to 8 riders. A 6-hours was added to the event in 2016.[73] On 13./14. June 2015 (12:00) the Cycling Zandvoort – 24 hour race over 4307-m-laps took place.[74]
See also
References
- ↑ "Geschiedenis circuit". Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
- ↑ "Grand Designs: John Hugenholtz". Grand Prix View. 5 October 2010. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ↑ Diepraam, Mattijs (Summer 2001). "The quintessential race track in the dunes". 8W. forix.autosport.com. Retrieved 6 October 2010.
- ↑ "Motor Racing Programme Covers: 1948". The Programme Covers Project. Retrieved 3 February 2018.
- ↑ "Masters to return to Zandvoort". autosport.com. 23 January 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
- ↑ "Dutch delight". a1gp.com. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 20 August 2009. Retrieved 27 August 2009.
- ↑ "Organisers invite Zandvoort to draw up Formula 1 Grand Prix plan". dutchnews.nl. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 3 November 2018.
- ↑ Smith, Luke (4 March 2019). "Zandvoort only option for F1 Dutch GP return". crash.net. Retrieved 4 March 2019.
- ↑ "Dutch GP at Zandvoort confirmed for F1 2020 after 35-year absence". Sky Sports.
- ↑ "Interview: Jarno Zaffelli, Circuit Zandvoort Designer". Retrieved 26 June 2023.
- ↑ Noble, Jonathan; Vording, Ronald (22 November 2019). "Zandvoort F1 banking will be twice as steep as Indianapolis in 2020". Autosport.com. Retrieved 22 November 2019.
- ↑ "Formula 1 Dutch Grand Prix to return at Zandvoort from 2020 - Formula 1®". www.formula1.com.
- ↑ "Circuit Zandvoort kondigt terugkeer Formule 1 aan". RTL Nieuws. 14 May 2019.
- ↑ "Record-breaking 22-race F1 calendar set for 2020". formula1.com.
- ↑ "Organisers confirm Dutch Grand Prix will not be held in 2020 | Formula 1®". www.formula1.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ↑ "Organisers confirm Dutch GP will go ahead in September as planned, with two-thirds capacity crowd". Formula1.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
- ↑ "2020 calendars confirmed for Formula 2 and Formula 3". formula1.com.
- ↑ "FIA Formula 2 Championship season calendar revealed". fiaformula2.com. Archived from the original on 24 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ↑ "FIA Formula 3 Championship 2020 season calendar confirmed". fiaformula3.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
- ↑ "Circuit Park Zandvoort, The Netherlands". a1gp.com. n.d. Archived from the original on 18 October 2019. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ↑ "Formula 1 Heineken Dutch Grand Prix 2022 – Media Kit" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 August 2022. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Lap Records At CM.COM Circuit Zandvoort". CM.COM Circuit Zandvoort. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
- ↑ "Fanatec GT WorldChEU pwrd by AWS Sprint Cup Round 10 GB3 Championship Race 2 Result" (PDF). 14 October 2023. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
- ↑ "2022 FREC Zandvoort Race 2 Statistics". Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ↑ "2023 DTM Zandvoort ADAC Prototype Cup Germany Race 1" (PDF). Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "Aston Martin Masters Endurance Legends: Final results Race 1" (PDF). Historic Grand Prix 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "2022 GT World Challenge Zandvoort Race 2 Results". Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ↑ "Aston Martin Masters Endurance Legends: Final results Race 2" (PDF). Historic Grand Prix 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "2021 ADAC Formula 4 Zandvoort Race 1 Statistics". Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "Formula 1 Heineken Dutch Grand Prix 2023 - Zandvoort - Porsche Mobil 1 Supercup Race 2 Provisional Classification after 16 Laps - 68.083 km" (PDF). 27 August 2023. Retrieved 27 August 2023.
- ↑ "Masters Historic Sports Cars: Final results Race" (PDF). Historic Grand Prix 2020. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "2023 DTM Zandvoort ADAC GT4 Germany Race 2" (PDF). Retrieved 26 June 2023.
- ↑ "Fanatec GTWC pwrd by AWS Sprint Cup round 4 TCR Europe Race 1 Circuit Zandvoort" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 22 July 2021.
- ↑ "2022 Alpine Elf Europa Cup Zandvoort Race 2 Statistics". Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ↑ "Historic Grand Prix 2020 - Historische Monoposto Racing" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "Historic Grand Prix 2020 - Historic Endurance Cup" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "Historic Grand Prix 2020 - NKRECO GGTC" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "Historic Grand Prix 2020 - HTGT" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
- ↑ "2023 Zandvoort Clio Cup Race 1 Result". 14 October 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.
- ↑ "Historic Grand Prix 2020 - Masters Gentlemen Drivers" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "2017 FIA Formula 3 European Championship Zandvoort Race 1 Statistics". Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "2006 Formula Renault Northern Cup Zandvoort (Race 1)". Retrieved 2 August 2023.
- ↑ "2019 ADAC Formula 4 Zandvoort Race 2 Statistics". Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "2018 Porsche Cup Deutschland Zandvoort (Race 1)". Retrieved 30 October 2022.
- 1 2 "Euro GT Zandvoort 2004". Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ↑ "2012 Zandvoort Formel ADAC Result List Rennen 1" (PDF). Retrieved 27 July 2022.
- ↑ "2009 Formula BMW Europe Zandvoort (Race 1)". Retrieved 10 July 2022.
- ↑ "WTCC 2007 » Zandvoort Round 3 Results". Retrieved 29 November 2022.
- ↑ "STW Cup 1994 » Zandvoort Round 4 Results". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- 1 2 "ADAC GT Zandvoort 1994". Retrieved 13 November 2022.
- ↑ "1985 Zandvoort F3000". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1981 Zandvoort European F3". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1980 Zandvoort F2". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1980 Zandvoort BMW Procar". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1979 Zandvoort F2". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1974 Zandvoort F5000". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "Interserie Zandvoort 1975". Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ↑ "1978 Zandvoort European F3". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1979 Zandvoort BMW Procar". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1974 Zandvoort ETCC". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ↑ "1970 Zandvoort F5000". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1968 Zandvoort F2". Retrieved 4 May 2022.
- ↑ "1969 French Formula 3 Zandvoort Trophée". Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ↑ "1971 Zandvoort ETCC - Round 10". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ↑ "1963 Zandvoort Trophy Junior". Retrieved 15 July 2022.
- ↑ "1969 Zandvoort ETCC - Round 15". Retrieved 29 May 2022.
- ↑ "8W – When? – 1973 Dutch GP". Forix. Retrieved 11 May 2012.
- ↑ The Straits Times, 18 September 1979, p.26
- ↑ "Driver dies after Historic F1 crash at Zandvoort". motorsport.com. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ↑ "World Championships Road Race". www.procyclingstats.com. Archived from the original on 28 September 2017. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
- ↑ Runner's World Zandvoort Circuit Run. Runner's World Zandvoort Circuit Run. Retrieved on 28 March 2010.
- ↑ Laarhuis, Andra (28 March 2010). Kiplagat makes successful return after injury . IAAF. Retrieved on 2010-03-28.
- ↑ "Buitenland". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2015. Buitenland – Cycling Zandvoort, Retrieved on 5 September 2015.
- ↑ "Result of Cycling Zandvoort - 24-uurs race 13 - 14 June 2015" (PDF). www.raceresults.nu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2015.
External links
- Official website (in Dutch and English)
- RacingCircuits.info's history of Circuit Park Zandvoort
- Aerial photo (Google Maps)