Christianese (or Christianeze) refers to the contained terms and jargon used within many of the branches and denominations of Christianity as a functional system of religious terminology.[1] It is characterized by the use in everyday conversation of certain words, theological terms, puns and catchphrases, in ways that may be only comprehensible within the context of a particular Christian sect or denomination.[2] The terms used do not necessarily come from the Bible itself.[3] They may have come into use through discussions about doctrine, through the social history of the Christian church at large, or in the unique history of a specific denomination or movement.

In the developed Christian context, particular terms like God and Christ (or Jesus) as well as more common terms such as faith, truth and spirit have a rich history of meaning to refer to concepts in spirituality, which Christians may consider to be particular to Christianity, and not available to dissimilar or distantly foreign belief systems. While particular terms may have some functional translatability to concepts in other systems, such translations may typically be controversial outside of the forum of comparative religion. Because terms interoperate in a closed system, Christians may consider the use of such terms outside of Christianity or their particular branch (or denomination) as a distortion.

The term Christianese is an informal and sometimes pejorative reference to the language of terms used in Christianity as contained and, in some cases, deliberately or effectively uncooperative with secular and foreign terms. Certain denominations—contemporary Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism for example—may be more widely considered as users of distinctly localised variants of Christianese.

Elements

In its basic form, Christianese uses theological and/or Biblical terms to describe matters of faith and everyday experiences as interpreted through a filter of faith and doctrine. Linda Coleman's 1980 research into Christianese notes three purposes: the ability to reinforce in-group belonging while remaining separate from outsiders; a sign to the member's degree of engagement in the worldview; and finally, its use to both display and apply the speaker's beliefs and Christian worldview, which she refers to as a worldviewlect. Christianese features "influences from the worldview appearing in nearly every area of language use."[4]

Like secret languages such as rhyming slang, Evangelical Christianese relies on the hearer's ability to "reconstruct...the sequence of logical connections" to understand the meaning of an utterance.[5] The words and phrases used are known to the speaker of the wider language (e. g. English); however, without an understanding of the passage of the Bible, issue of theology or (sometimes) specific doctrine at the forefront of the mind of the speaker, the listener may lack the context to understand what is being said. One example is the allusion to one's home as a "tent until I’m called home", referencing the biblical image of an "earthly tent" as a temporary living place before proceeding to one's eternal home.[6] Likewise, words may be used with metaphorical meanings not immediately clear, such as "the Lord's Supper...still speaks to every circumcised ear" referring not to the physical rite of circumcision but rather the Christian hearer.[7]

Words like just may be used more often or in different ways than typical. One linguistic analysis of online evangelical sermons by the pastor of megachurch Lifechurch.tv found an excessive use of just in phrases like "Again, let me just put it as simply as I can...", often used in order to express sincerity. The study described it as "[seemingly] unique to evangelical Christian sermons and extemporaneous prayers among insiders"; the preacher's "myriad uses of just ... demonstrate his placement in the evangelical tradition." Terms such as Christ followers, as opposed to the more traditional Christians, emphasize new Christians "[allying] themselves with a person rather than converting to an institutionalized religion."[8]

Megachurches and celebrity pastors have also been linked to the rise of modern Christianese by University of Sheffield linguist Valerie Hobbs, author of An Introduction to Religious Language: Exploring Theolinguistics in Contemporary Contexts. She contends that they use this language as a form of branding and discusses the overlap between Christian jargon and corporate jargon. Phrases like "making an impact" or "come on board with us" are common to both the Christian and corporate worlds. Hobbs argues that the jargon lends an appearance of authority: new terms are constantly being introduced by authoritative figures and one must understand, or pretend one understands, the meaning. In addition, there is pressure to use the correct jargon as a member of the group.[9]

Archaic words and meanings may be used, or used in ways unfamiliar to modern speakers.[10][6]

Coleman states that passive voice and euphemisms may be used to emphasize God's action rather than one's own actions, due to the theological emphasis on depravity. "I/We ministered to them" may be considered unacceptable, in favor of "I was enabled to minister to him in some small way"; phrases such as "I feel/felt led to do X", rather than "I decided to do X", emphasize God as the agent.[11] In connection with phrases such as "to have fellowship with [another Christian]", "the Evangelical avoids claiming to have performed a specific good action. In other words, 'have fellowship with' is a euphemism. It is, furthermore, a euphemism for something which most non-Evangelicals have no hesitancy about claiming responsibility for, since the broader culture would not perceive such a claim as an unwarranted boast."[12]

Coleman wrote:

From what we have seen, then, it appears that a good deal of the Evangelical grammar, if we can call it that, seems designed to avoid reference to human beings as primary agents and to introduce God as the moving force behind all good actions. This is what we should expect, of course: the Evangelical needs to be able to talk about events in a way that members of the broader society generally do not, since the Evangelical is trying to reference two levels of reality which impinge on each other.

— Linda Coleman, The language of "Born-Again" Christianity

Others, however, have since argued for a more nuanced view of God as agent in Christianese, contending that a part of such language competence is to know when to refer to God actively or passively, which often occurs in different topic categories such as "action", "plan", or "blessing" vs. "belief", "surrender", or "conversion", respectively.[13]

Words may also take on different functions in Christianese as part of functional shift, including the formation of the noun fellowshipping and the verb to disciple.[10]

Special lexicography

There is a standard Christian lexicon within the Catholic Church; given that Catholic terminology is dictated by the authority of the Holy See, there is a great deal more uniformity within its literature. For example, when a non-denominational Protestant refers to the End Times, he or she may be referring to the period following the Incarnation, as Catholics believe, or any number of eschatological interpretations of the Book of Revelation, the Olivet discourse or The Sheep and the Goats. There are other "authoritative" lexicons within other Christian sects, but these lexicons are considerably less standard.

Critique

Christian jargon has been critiqued as clichéd; its potential to confuse or isolate others has also been critiqued in media, both explicitly Christian and otherwise.

The article "Unlearning 'Christianese'" in Canadian Mennonite makes the comparison to legalese, "which has its place and purpose, but is confusing and meaningless to people who aren't lawyers." The author addresses the perceived clichéd nature of Christianese and urges readers to use more thoughtfulness and clarity when discussing faith.[14] An article in Relevant magazine listed several "Christianese relationship cliches" to avoid such as "I'm guarding my heart", stating, "People often use these phrases without really even knowing what it is they are trying to say."[15] The editorial staff of Biola University's Chimes asks readers "How do you 'do life together?' What does 'praying a hedge of protection around one another' look like?", urging readers to reconsider Christianese as it "only alienates people outside of the Christian community and makes us seem like even more of a members-only culture."[16]

A 2017 news article noted the difference between in-group and out-group understandings of the Christian usage of thoughts and prayers.[17]

One Southern Baptist writer has referred to Christianese as "insider jargon they use all the time, whether they know it or not. ... This language is like a liturgy for them, but they don't understand that other people don't get it".[17] Christian writer Dean Merrill's book Damage Control: How to Stop Making Jesus Look Bad argues that "Christianese mystifies, overwhelms, antagonizes and manipulates those who don't hold similar beliefs."[18]

One Christian young adult novel features a non-Christian girl's attempts to understand the Christianese used by those around her.[19]

Some Christian writers have also come up with alternative terms and phrases that are theoretically more "religion-neutral". While the effectiveness of this strategy is undetermined, there is a feeling among some Christian communicators that this may be simply creating a condensed form of Christianese but failing to address the underlying issue of contextual understanding.

Research

Studies on Christianese as a phenomenon, though few, date back to 1980. Academic interest has increased as Christian religious identity is a growing area of study, with language use noted in multiple studies.[20]

Vitaly Voinov has examined issues regarding translation of the Bible into Tuvan for the Tuvan people and the potential cultural impacts of "Christianese" word choices.[21]

Various lists of Christianese terms and their definitions have been published, including in newspaper articles, blogs, and the defunct website, Dictionary of Christianese.[17][22][23]

See also

References

Notes

  1. ↑ Aremo, Felix (28 February 2023). "'Have you been washed in the blood of the lamb, brother?' 5 ways to avoid Christianese in your evangelism". Premier Christianity. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  2. ↑ Howard, Barry (22 February 2018). "17 Phrases That Indicate You're Fluent in Christianese". Good Faith Media. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  3. ↑ "How NOT to Speak Christianese". Evangelism. Archived from the original on 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 September 2023.
  4. ↑ Coleman 1980, pp. 140–141.
  5. ↑ Coleman 1980, p. 139.
  6. 1 2 Leiter, Sarah (2013). Christianese: A sociolinguistic analysis of the evangelical dialect of American English (Honors thesis). Emory University. Archived from the original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  7. ↑ Coleman 1980, p. 138.
  8. ↑ Bryan, Clint; Albakry, Mohammed (2016). ""To be real honest, I'm just like you": analyzing the discourse of personalization in online sermons". Text & Talk. 36 (6): 694, 699. doi:10.1515/text-2016-0030. S2CID 152160474.
  9. ↑ Hobbs, Valerie; Johnson, Dru (7 May 2021). "How 'Christianese' Is Like Corporate Jargon". The Biblical Mind (Podcast). The King's College. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  10. 1 2 Bruehler 2018, p. 22.
  11. ↑ Coleman 1980, p. 134-135.
  12. ↑ Coleman 1980, p. 133.
  13. ↑ Bruehler 2018, p. 113-114.
  14. ↑ Watson, Troy (15 November 2019). "Unlearning 'Christianese'". Canadian Mennonite. 23 (21): 11. ProQuest 2382720104 – via ProQuest.
  15. ↑ Fileta, Debra (10 September 2014). "5 Christianese Relationship Cliches to Stop Using". RELEVANT. Archived from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  16. ↑ "Christians, get to the point". Chimes. Biola University. 28 October 2014. Archived from the original on 30 January 2023. Retrieved 4 January 2024.
  17. 1 2 3 Mattingly, Terry. "At some point, 'Christianese' may cancel out real prayers". Knoxville News Sentinel. Archived from the original on 2023-05-31. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  18. ↑ "Religion: Damage Control: How to Stop Making Jesus Look Bad". Publishers Weekly. 252 (49). 12 December 2005. ProQuest 197104857 – via ProQuest.
  19. ↑ Welch, Lynne (1–15 January 2010). "Fiction: Becca by the Book". The Booklist. 106 (9/10): 39. ProQuest 235616993 – via ProQuest.
  20. ↑ Bruehler 2018, pp. 15, 20, 33.
  21. ↑ Voinov, Vitaly (January 2010). "Are Russian Brothers Really Tuvan Brothers? The Allure of Incipient Christianese in Bible Translation" (PDF). GIAL Electronic Notes Series. Dallas International University. 4 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2024. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  22. ↑ "List of Words (A-Z)". Dictionary of Christianese. Archived from the original on 1 January 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  23. ↑ Campbell, Jim (27 October 2015). "A translation guide to common Christianese". Kitsap Sun. Bremerton. ProQuest 2581620937.

Sources

Look up christianese in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
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