Chronology and genealogy of the later half of Chudasama dynasty based on inscriptions

The early history of Chudasama dynasty of Saurashtra (now in Gujarat, India) is almost lost. The bardic legends differs very much in names, order and numbers so they are not considered reliable. Mandalika Kavya, a Sanskrit poem by Gangadhara, gives some information on dynasty but it has little historical value. Some of their inscriptions gives their early genealogy but they too differ in order of succession. Ranchhodji Diwan, A. K. Forbes, James Burgess[1] and Gaurishankar Oza had tried to fix genealogy and chronology. Based on the dates of the inscriptions assigned to Chudasama kings and other literary sources, the genealogy and chronology of latter half of the dynasty can be established fairly. Still it is certain that they ruled about from about Vikram Samvat (VS) 900 to VS 1527 (c. 875 CE to 1472 CE).[2][3][4]

Chronology and genealogy

Based on inscriptions

[5] There is no inscription of the period before the king Mandalika I available. Still it is certain that they had established their rule in the Saurashtra region before the Chaulukya king Mularaja came to power in Anahilavada because literary sources tell about battles between Chudasama kings and Chaulukya kings; Mularaja and Jayasimha Siddharaja. Dhandusar inscription (VS 1445) says that the founder of the dynasty was Chudachandra ( also known as ChudaSamma ). A Vanthali inscription tells about Mandalika, a kings whose kingdom was captured by Jagatsimha, a feudatory of Chaulukya king Viradhavala. This Mandalika king must be another Mandalika king mentioned in latter half genealogy. As Viradhavala is known to live in VS 1288, he must be assigned the same date. As Vanthali inscription date VS 1346, it must have been under the Jagatsimha's family till then. It seems that a later Chudasama king Mandalika regained Vanthali when Chaulukya rule weakened. So the later genealogy starts from him in later inscriptions. The Chudasamas continued to rule till VS 1527 (1472 CE) when they were defeated by Gujarat Sultan Mahmud Begada. As inscriptions says about their resistance to Gujarat Sultans, it can be said that they were the most powerful dynasty in Saurashtra region at that time.[4][3][6][7]

Ruler Relationship[4][7] Reign

CE

Accession

year

Samvat[4][7]

Ra Khengar Mahal/
Neminath Temple

inscription
on Mount Girnar[8]

Hani Vav Dhandhusar
inscription[9]
Mahaprabhu Bethak
near Revatikund,
Girnar inscription[10]
Uparkot
Junagadh[11]
c. VS 1506-07/c. 1454 CE VS 1445/1389 CE VS 1473/1417 CE VS 1507/1451 CE
Mandalika I son of Yashodhavala 1294–1306 1350 Mandalika Mandalika
Navaghana son of Mandalika I 1306–1308 1362 Navaghana
Mahipala I son of Mandalika I 1308–1331 1364 Mahipaladeva Mahipala
Khengara son of Mahipala I 1331–1351 1387 Shangara (Khangara) Khengara Khengara
Jayasimha I son of Khangara 1351–1378 1407 Jayasimhadeva Jayasimha Jayasimha
Mahipala II son of Jayasimha I 1378–1384 1435
Mokalasimha/Muktasimha son of Jayasimha I 1384–1396 1440 Mokalasimha Mokalasimha Muktasimha
Mandalika II son of Mokalasimha 1396–1400 1452 Mandalika
Meliga son of Mokalasimha 1400–1416 1456 Melangadeva Meliga Maligadeva
Jayasimha II son of Meliga 1416–1430 1472 Jayasimha
Mahipala III son of Meliga 1430–1451 1486 Mahipaladeva Mahipala
Mandalika III son of Mahipala III 1451–1472 1507 Mandalika Mandalika

Early attempts

Ranchhodji Amarji (1825)

Ranchhodji Amarji, Diwan or prime minister of Junagadh State wrote Tarikh-i-Sorath in Persian in 1825. Ranchhodji wrote that Chudasamas belonged to Chandravanshi and they are descendants of Shri Sadashiv and said to have come from Sindh. He wrote that the regular succession of nine men named Navghan, ten named Jakhra, eleven named Alansingh and other individuals of with various names have ruled.[12]


He had written the following chronology in Tarikh-i-Sorath:[12]

Accession date

Samvat

date

CE

Ruler Relation Reign
Rao Dayat Tale of marrying daughter of Siddha Rao (Jayasimha Siddharaja?) of Gujarat.
874 817 Navghan son of Dayat saved by Devait of Alidhar(Gir Somnath District) from Siddha Rao when boy, regained Junagadh. Conquered Sindh.
916 859 Khengar son of Navghan 36 years, attacked Patan, slain by Siddha Rao, tale of Ranik Devi who ended ner life in VS 952 (895 CE)
952 Mularaja son of Khengar 35 years and six months
987 Jakhra son of Mularaja 21 years
1009 Ganraj* son of Jakhra 38 years and 4 months
1047 Mandalika son of Ganraj 48 years and 2 months, joined Bhimadeva against Mahmud of Ghazni who had attacked Somnath temple
1095 Hamira Deva son of Mandalika 13 years and some days
1108 Vijayapala son of Hamira Deva 54 years and six months
1162 Navaghana son of Vijayapala 2 years
1184 Mandalika son of Navghana 11 years
1195 Alansingh son of Mandalika 14 years
1209 Dhanesh son of Alansingh 5 years. some copies says 9 years.
1214 Navghan son of Navghan 9 years
1224 1167 Khengar 46 years
1270 Mandalika son of Khengar 22 years, 3 months, 22 days. Some copies says 32 years.
1302 Mahipala son of Mandalika 34 years, five months, 3 days. Some copies says 34 years.
12 Magshar 1336 1279 Khengar son of Mahipala 54 years and 13 days. conquered Diu and other 17 islands, repaired Somnath, Sams Khan took Junagadh under Tughluq order. Khengar took refuge in Mount Girnar.
1390 Jayasingh son of Khengar 11 years, 8 months, 11 days.
6 Bhadarva 1402 Mugatsingh or Mokalsingh son of Jayasingh 14 years, 13 days.
4 Ashvad 1412 Madhupat son of Mugatsingh 5 years, one month, six days.
10 Kartika Sud 1421 Mandalika son of Madhupat 17 years, 6 months, 3 days.
1439 Malek brother of Mandalika son of slave-girl. 11 years, 11 months, 24 days.
1468 Jayasingh son of Malek captured Zanzira (?). 18 years, 3 months, 14 days.
1486 Khengar son of Jayasingh Ahmad Shah of Gujarat attacked Junagadh, Khengar and his divan Hira Singh took refuge in Uparkot in 1470 (?) where he died. 22 years.
1489 Mandalika Kiwamu-al-Mlik, Amir of Sultan Mahmud, attacked Junagadh in VS 1520 and captured Mandalik in 1527 (1470 CE) when Junagadh fort fell. Mandalika embraced Islam and died in Ahmedabad where he is buried in Manek Chowk. after 2 years, his son restored as Jagirdar came to known by title of Raizada.

After defeat by Mahmud Begada, the sons of Mandalika was given Jagir of Junagadh and made Jagirdar but the powers were exercised by Thanadar appointed by Ahmedabad kings and later by governors.[12]

Accession date

Samvat

date

CE

Ruler as Jagirdar Relation Reign Thanadar
1529/1528 Bhupat Singh 31 years. Tatar Khan, son of Zafar Khan
1560 Khengar son of Bhupat Singh 22 years. Malik Ayaz and Tatar Khan Ghori
1581 Navghan son of Khengar 28 years, 11 months, 20 days. Sayyid Kasam and Mujahid Khan Belim
1608 Shri Singh son of Navghan 34 years, 1 month, 10 days Khan Azam Kokaltash became Subahdar of Ahmedabad in place of Khan Khanan and conquered Junagadh in 1633.
1642 Khengar son of Shri Singh 22 years Mahmud Shah and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat who gave Junagah as Jagir to his Amirs. 13 years with Tatar Khan as Thanadar.

James Burgess (1876-1882)

James Burgess translated Târikh-i-Soraṭh in English as Târikh-i-Soraṭh, a history of the provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd from Gujarati translations of Persian manuscripts. The translation was edited by James W. Watson and published finally in 1882. He had consulted several manuscripts and taken support of an inscription in Vastupal Jain Temple on Mount Girnar to fix the chronology given by Ranchhodji Amarji which he had published in Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh and subsequently in the translation as an editor note. He had added information of other sources and had done conjectural corrections in the dates as seem required. These corrections are applied only to the dates when converted into CE and where doubtful marked with a (?).[12][1]

Ranchhodji had listed the reigns of the first four kings beginning with Navaghana I extend over 151 years and then a blank occurs of 22 years between Navaghana II and his successor Mandalika I. Burgess had included Khengar II (1107? CE) omitted by Ranchhodji. Burgess notes that Ranchhodji had omitted Navghana (1235?) after Mandalika whom he had assigned 22 years and 3.75 years, beginning in VS 1270 and the next ruler Mahipala's reign begin in VS 1302 thus 10 years were unaccounted for, or about the same time Navaghana IV reigned. He also noted that Ranchhodji gave three successors of Mugatsingh in order; Madhupat (VS 1416-1421), Mandalika (VS 1421-1439), Malek (VS 1439-1450) which is probably derived from an inscription in Revatikunda which gives following genealogy: Mandalika lll; his son Mahipala; his son Khangara lV; his son Jayasimha; his son Mugatsimha; his sons Mandalika and Melak; and Jayasimha, son of Melak. The chronology in the text is confirmed by the Mandalika Kavya. Burgess had allowed the dates VS 1421 and 1439 to stand but proposed alteration to 1428 and 1433.[12][1]

Burgess has noted that some copies give the date VS 874 of Navghan's accession, and allow 42 years for his reign. He disapproves of James Tod's counting Chudachandra as the fortieth prince before his own time, and the eighth before Jam Unad, whom Tod had placed in VS 1110, assuming that Chudachand must have lived about VS 960.[1]

MS date

Samvat

Probable date CE Ruler Relation Reign
- 904? Ra Dyas or Dyachh the third descent from Ra Gariyo/Graharipu, the grandson of Ra Chandrachud, the first of Chudasama dynasty Ra Dyas was defeated and slain by the king of Patan VS 874 (917 CE). Some copies give VS 874 as the date of Naughan's accession and allow 42 years for his reign counting Chudachand as the fortieth prince before his own time, and the eighth before Jam Unad whom he places in VS 1110 assumes that Chudachand must have lived about VS 960. Very little dependence however can be placed on such a computation. He says he was contemporary with Ram Kamar, the fourteenth prince of Ghumli.
894 937? Navaghana or Naughan son of Ra Dyas invaded Sindh and defeated Hamir, the Sumara prince VS 890.
916 959? Khangar son of Navaghana killed at Bagasara by the Anhilvada Raja, possibly by Mularaja who ruled from 942 to 996 CE and defeated Graharipu of Vanthali.
952 968? Mularaja son of Khangara perhaps of Anhilvada.
1009 992? Navaghana II son of Mularaja ruled for 38 (18?) years.*
1078 1021? Mandalika, son of Navaghana joined Bhima I of Gujarat in pursuit of Mahmud of Ghazni VS 1080, A.H. 414.
1095 1038 Hamir Deva son of Mandalika 13 years.
1108 1051 Vijaypala son of Hamiradeva
1162 1085? Navaghana III subdued the Raja of Umeta
- 1107? Khangara II slain by Jayasimha Siddharaja of Anahilvada Patan.
1184 1127 Mandalika II 11 years
1195 1138 Alansimha 14 years
1209 1152 Ganesha or Dhanesha 5 years
1214 1157 Navaghana or Naughana IV 9 years
1224 1167 Khangara III 46 years
1270 1213 Mandalika III son of Khangara III 22 years. Mentioned in the Girnar inscription.
- 1235? Navaghana or Naughan V Amarji omits Nanghana after Mandalika, to whom he assigns a reign of 22 years 3.75 months, beginning in VS 1270 and then makes Mahipala's reign begin in VS 1302, leaving 10 years unaccounted for, or about the same time as Navaghan IV reigned.
1302 1245 Mahipaladeva (Ra Kavat) 34 years, built a temple at Somanath Patan
1336 1279 Khangara IV son of Mahipaladeva repaired the temple of Somanath, conquered Div &c. Shams Khan took Junagadh
1390 1333 Jayasimhadeva son of Khangara IV 11.75 years, and subdued 84 petty chiefs.
1402 1345 Mugatsimha or Mokalsimha son of Jayasimha 14 years
1416 1359 Melak Deva son of Mugatsimha saved Jhala Krishnaji, who sought his protection from the Yavana.
1421 1371 Mahipaladeva II or Madhupat married Kunta, daughter of Arjuna, the son of Bhimaji. Arjuna was succeeded by Dudavanish (? Duda of Sathi).
1439 1376* Mandalika IV son of Mahipaladeva defeated Sangana of Okha
1450 1393 Jayasimhadeva II apparently "the Rai of Jerend or Jiran" mentioned in Firishtah as defeated by Muzaffar Shah I of Gujarat in 1411 CE. He is said to have taken Zanzira (?) from the Gujarat Sultanate.
1469 1412 Khangara V war with Ahmad Shah
1489 1432 Mandalika V restored the Uparkot in VS 1507, subdued by Mahmud Begada in 1469-70 CE.

After their subjugation to the Ahmedabad kings, the dynasty seems to have been preserved as tributary Jagirdars for another century; the list of these princes stands thus:

Accession

date CE

Jagirdar relation reign
1472 Bhupat cousin of Mandalika V 32 years
1503 Khangara VI son of Bhupat 22 years
1524 Navghana VI son of Khangara 25 years
1551 Shrisimha 35 years, Gujarat subdued by

Akbar

1585 Khangara VII till about 1609

Note that some copies give the following chronology:

Year in AD Ruler Notes
1047 Jakhara successor of Mularaja
- Gunaraja ?Kunaraja
1076 Mandalika

Thus James Burgess has suggested a possible alternate chronology:

Year

Samvat

Year

AD

Ruler Reign
952 895 Mularaja 36 years
988 931 Jakhara 21 years
1009 952 Navghana II 38 years
1047 990 Gunaraja 31 years
1078 1021 Mandalika 17 years

James W. Watson (1884) and Harold Wilberforce-Bell (1916)

James W. Watson, in Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency: Kathiawar Volume VIII (1884), had given the chronology of Chudasama kings. The early kings in chronology were based on the bardic legends and latter chronology was based on the inscriptions.[13]

Harold Wilberforce-Bell wrote The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times in 1916.[6] He expanded on the chronology of Watson. In corroboration to inscriptions, the kings starting Mandalik I were correct in chronology but dates of accession varies from later chronologies. He presented following chronology:

Ruler Accession

start CE

Accession

end CE

Notes
Chudachandra 875 907 Founder of dynasty
Mularaja 907 915
Vishwavarah 915 940
Graharipu 940 982 Uparkot fort rebuilt. Battle with Chaulukya Mularaja
Kavat 982 1003 Uga Wala tale
Dyas 1003 1010 Battle with Chaulukya Dularaj (Durlabhraja?)
Chaulukya viceroy 1010 1020
Navghan 1020 1044 Regained from Chaulukya with help from Ahirs. Expedition to Sindh. Sack of Somnath in 1026 by Mahmud of Ghazni.
Khengar I 1044 1067 23 years
Navghan II 1067 1098 21 years. Defeated by Siddharaj
Khengar II 1098 1125 Youngest of four son of Navghan II, defeated chief of Umeta, broke gate of Analihavad Patan and Siddharaj attacked in return, Tale of Ranik Devi
Navghan III 1125 1140 Navghan III regained throne expelling Chaulukya viceroy
Kavat II 1140 1152 12 years
Jayasimha/Graharipu II 1152 1180
Raisimha 1180 1184
Mahipal II/Gajraj 1184 1201
Jayamal 1201 1230
Mahipal III 1230 1253 battles with Kathis.
Khengar III 1253 1260 subdued Kathis.
Mandalik I 1260 1306 Alaf Khan raided Saurashtra, lost Vanthali to Rathod chief.
Navghan IV 1306 1308
Mahipal IV 1308 1325 17 years
Khengar IV 1325 1351 Restored Somnath and expelled Delhi Sultanate appointed governor.
Jayasimha II 1351 1369 18 years
Mahipal V 1369 1373 recovered Vanthali in 1370.
Muktasimha 1373 1397 Tughluq order to remove capital to Vanthali
Mandalika II 1397 1400 3 years,
Malek 1400 1415 Brother of Mandalika II. Conflict with Ahmad Shah I of Gujarat.
Jyasimha III 1415 1440 25 years
Mahipal IV 1440 1451
Mandalik III 1451 1470 Defeated by Mehmud Begada in 1470 and told Mandalik to embrace Islam. His descendant restored as Jagirdar.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 James Burgess (1876). "X. Mount Girnar". Report on the Antiquities of Kathiawad and Kachh: Being the Result of the Second Season's Operations of the Archaeological Survey of Western India, 1874-75. pp. 163–165.
  2. Soszynski, Henry. "CHUDASAMA DYNASTY". members.iinet.net.au. Retrieved 10 October 2017.
  3. 1 2 Virbhadra Singhji (1994). The Rajputs of Saurashtra. Popular Prakashan. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-81-7154-546-9.
  4. 1 2 3 4 Diskalkar, D. B. (December 1938). "Inscriptions Of Kathiawad". New Indian Antiquary. Vol. 1. pp. 578–579.
  5. KV, Soundararajan (1985). Junagadh. Archaeological Survey of India. p. 10.
  6. 1 2 Harold Wilberforce-Bell (1916). The History of Kathiawad from the Earliest Times. London: William Heinemann. pp. 54–83. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  7. 1 2 3 Bhandarkar, D. R. (1929). Appendix To Epigraphia Indica And Record Of The Archeological Survey Of India. Vol. 19–23. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. pp. 243, 406.
  8. Diskalkar, D. B. (June 1940). "Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 77 Girnar". New Indian Antiquary. Vol. 2. pp. 116–117.
  9. Diskalkar, D. B. (April 1939). "Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 48 Dhandhusar". New Indian Antiquary. Vol. 1. pp. 37–38.
  10. Diskalkar, D. B. (December 1939). "Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 68 Junagadh". New Indian Antiquary. Vol. 1. pp. 602–603.
  11. Diskalkar, D. B. (June 1940). "Inscriptions Of Kathiawad No. 76 Junagadh (Uparkot)". New Indian Antiquary. Vol. 1. pp. 113–114.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Ranchodji Amarji (1882). Târikh-i-Soraṭh: A History of the Provinces of Soraṭh and Hâlâr in Kâthiâwâd. Educ. Soc. Press, & Thacker. pp. 101–126, 127–131. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  13. Watson, James W., ed. (1884). Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency : Kathiawar. Vol. VIII. Bombay: Government Central Press. pp. 492–493. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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