Cikobia-i-Ra
Map of Vanua Levu
Geography
LocationPacific Ocean
Coordinates15°43′59″S 179°55′0″W / 15.73306°S 179.91667°W / -15.73306; -179.91667
ArchipelagoVanua Levu Group
Administration
Fiji
DivisionNorthern Division
ProvinceMacuata Province

Cikobia-i-Ra, also Thikombia Island, Tchecombia and Tikobia,[1] is the northernmost island in Fiji and has a primarily limestone geology. As the island is affected by climate change, women there have established the Cikobia Island Development Committee, which supports businesses that donate some profit to sustainability initiatives. The island has some of the earliest evidence for Lapita culture in the Pacific, as well as significant archaeological sites.

Geography

Located to the north of Vanua Levu in Macuata Province in Fiji, Cikobia-i-Ra is 300 km to the northeast of Suva.[2] The island is 10 km long and 2km wide; it is 60 km from the northernmost point of Vanua Levu.[3] It is primarily made from uplifted limestone formations.[3]

Settlements on Cikobia-i-Ra include Nalele, Nautovatu and Vatulele.[4]

Climate crisis

Cikobia-i-Ra is the northernmost and the most remote of the islands in the Northern Division. The island has been affected by the climate crisis, including an increase in the number of natural disasters. In response, women from the island established the Cikobia Island Development Committee, which enables women to start businesses based on natural resources available to them. This then enables the women to return 10% of their earnings to sustainability projects on the island, so that "10 per cent of their earnings had been channelled towards their environment sustainability project."[5]

History

The island was first settled around 850 BC by people who were part of the Eastern Lapita cultural complex.[4] According to oral tradition, Cikobia-i-Ra was settled by Manaoneata and his son Iri-ni-buno, who came from Laucala in Cakaudrove.[1] One of Manaoneata's sons settled later on Naqelelevu.[1] Other accounts, recorded by Bruce Biggs, state that a chief called Sau Mata-i-walu spent time in Cikobia-i-Ra before discovering Naqelelevu.[1]

Cikobia-i-Ra's language is most closely related to Naqelelevu's and exchanges between the two islands and the island of Futuna have been reconstructed through linguistic analysis.[1]

Korotuku complex

At Korotuku a defensive fort was built, which contained ninety different structures, as well as burials.[4] In 1997 a team of archaeologists from Fiji and France investigated the archaeological remains on the island.[6] They identified twenty-five funerary sites on the island, most of which related to the historic period (c.1850),[7] and whose history is attested in the island's oral culture.[4] The team excavated ten interments, which included two children and eight adults, five of whom could be identified as males, two of which females.[4] A number of grave goods were found, including glass trade beads, a qato – which is an armband made of Trochus shell, a boar's tusk, a shark's tooth and a coral object which was tentatively identified as part of a tabua – a ceremonial object which accompanied a person into the afterlife.[4] It is likely that the bodies were wrapped in tapa prior to burial.[4] A later study used stable isotope analysis to examine the diets of those buried there, concluding that they ate a diet based primarily on vegetal food, with some shellfish consumption, which has been interpreted as dietary selection which may indicate those buried were part of an island elite.[7]

As part of the archaeological work instigated in 1997, Fijian colleagues undertook oral history work with the island's community to better understand the site.[8] In response, islanders began to rebuild one of the fortifications, known as Rukunikoro.[8] Years after work ended, families still tended the project, explaining that they preferred to keep tourists away, that it was for themselves, not for others.[8]

Glass beads have been excavated from graves on the island, which originated in Europe in the nineteenth century and may have been brought to the island by American whalers or European sailors, during the period of colonisation.[9]

Intangible heritage

The Archive of Māori and Pacific Sound at the University of Auckland holds recordings made on the island by Bruce Biggs in 1974.[10]

Notable people

  • Penina Namata, advisor to Cikobia Island Development Committee.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 SAND, CHRISTOPHE; VALENTIN, FREDERIQUE; BOLÉ, JACQUES; OUETCHO, ANDRÉ; BARET, DAVID; SOROVI-VUNIDILO, TARISI; MATARARABA, SEPETI (2007). "Report and Preliminary Analysis of the First Archaeological Survey of Naqelelevu Atoll, Northeast Fiji". The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 116 (4): 407–432. ISSN 0032-4000. JSTOR 20707415.
  2. ↑ "GeoNames.org". www.geonames.org. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  3. 1 2 Clark, Geoffrey Richard; Anderson, Atholl; Vunidilo, Tarisi (2001). The Archaeology of Lapita Dispersal in Oceania: Papers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Books. ISBN 978-1-74076-010-2.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Clark, Geoffrey Richard; Anderson, Atholl; Vunidilo, Tarisi (2001). The Archaeology of Lapita Dispersal in Oceania: Papers from the Fourth Lapita Conference, June 2000, Canberra, Australia. Pandanus Books. ISBN 978-1-74076-010-2.
  5. 1 2 "Cikobia's women agents of change". 18 April 2021. Archived from the original on 18 April 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  6. ↑ "Cikobia-i-Ra. Archeologie d'une île fidjienne | Service du Musée de la Nouvelle-Calédonie". museenouvellecaledonie.gouv.nc. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
  7. 1 2 Valentin, F.; Bocherens, H.; Gratuze, B.; Sand, C. (2006). "Dietary patterns during the late prehistoric/historic period in Cikobia island (Fiji): insights from stable isotopes and dental pathologies". Journal of Archaeological Science. 33 (10): 1396–1410. doi:10.1016/j.jas.2006.01.012.
  8. 1 2 3 Sand, Christophe. "The input of francophone archaeological research in the Pacific." Journal of Pacific Studies 27 (2004): 1–12.
  9. ↑ Janssens, Koen H. A. (29 January 2013). Modern Methods for Analysing Archaeological and Historical Glass. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-31420-3.
  10. ↑ "Performance items: Cikobia-i-Ra". Archive of Māori and Pacific Sound. Archived from the original on 9 December 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2021.
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