| Cladomelea akermani | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Subphylum: | Chelicerata |
| Class: | Arachnida |
| Order: | Araneae |
| Infraorder: | Araneomorphae |
| Family: | Araneidae |
| Genus: | Cladomelea |
| Species: | C. akermani |
| Binomial name | |
| Cladomelea akermani | |
Cladomelea akermani is a species of spider in the orb-weaver spider family Araneidae, found in South Africa.[1] Cladomelea species, including C. akermani, are "bolas spiders" – adult females capture their prey by using a sticky drop on the end of a single line which they swing, usually catching male moths attracted by the release of an analogue of the attractant sex pheromone produced by the female moth. Juvenile and adult male bolas spiders do not use a bolas, catching prey with their legs alone.[2][3]
Description
A male and female were described by Levi in 2003. The female had a total length of 15.5 mm, the carapace being 5.4 mm long with a maximum width of 5.2 mm. The carapace was light orange-brown, with three projections with black ends. The sternum was light orange-brown. The abdomen was whitish, with a pair of brown tubercules on the upper surface and a central white rectangle on the lower surface. The first leg was longest, the patella and tibia totalling 10.8 mm. The male was much smaller, with a total body length of 1.6 mm, about a tenth of that of the female. Its carapace and the underside of the abdomen were dark brown. The carapace was rough but lacked the projections of the female. The upper surface of the abdomen was spotted with black, grey and white, and had three humps and two hardened discs. The male's palpal bulb had a distinct conductor supporting the embolus.[2] Contrary to an earlier statement by Conrad Akerman that C. akermani uses its third leg (a statement repeated by others, e.g. Yeargan[4]), the female handles its bolas with the second leg, swinging it in a horizontal plane.[2]
Taxonomy
Cladomelea akermani was first described by John Hewitt in 1923,[1] from a female collected by Conrad Akerman in 1915.[5] C. akermani is similar to C. longipes.[2] Cladomelea species are bolas spiders, and although the genus was not included in two relevant molecular phylogenetic studies in 2014 and 2020,[6][7] would be expected to be part of the "mastophorines", placed in the subfamily Cyrtarachninae s.l.[7]
Distribution and habitat
Cladomelea akermani is native to South Africa.[1] It has been recorded from grasslands in KwaZulu-Natal, around Pietermaritzburg.[2]
References
- 1 2 3 4 "Taxon details Cladomelea akermani Hewitt, 1923", World Spider Catalog, Natural History Museum Bern, retrieved 2021-01-21
- 1 2 3 4 5 Levi, H.W. (2003). "The bolas spiders of the genus Mastophora (Araneae: Araneidae)". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology. 157: 309–382.
- ↑ Gertsch, W.J. (1955), "The North American bolas spiders of the genera Mastophora and Agatostichus", Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 106: 221–254, retrieved 2021-01-16
- ↑ Yeargan, K.V. (1994). "Biology of bolas spiders". Annual Review of Entomology. 39: 81–99. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.39.010194.000501.
- ↑ Hewitt, J. (1923), "On certain South African Arachnida, with descriptions of three new species", Annals of the Natal Museum, 5: 55–66
- ↑ Tanikawa, Akio; Shinkai, Akira & Miyashita, Tadashi (2014). "Molecular phylogeny of moth-specialized spider sub-family Cyrtarachninae, which includes bolas spiders". Zoological Science. 31 (11): 716–720. doi:10.2108/zs140034.
- 1 2 Scharff, N.; Coddington, J.A.; Blackledge, Todd A.; Agnarsson, Ingi; Framenau, Volker W.; Szűts, Tamás; Hayashii, Cheryl Y. & Dimitrov, Dimitar (2020). "Phylogeny of the orb‐weaving spider family Araneidae (Araneae: Araneoidea)". Cladistics. 36: 1–21. doi:10.1111/cla.12382. hdl:1956/22200.