| Geography of Romania |
| Topography |
| Hydrography |
| Climate |
The climate of Romania is continental, transitioning into humid subtropical (locally often "warm oceanic" or "Pontic") on the eastern coast, influenced by polar intrusions, and therefore characterized by harsh winters. The mountain ranges of the Carpathian arc have a cool mountain climate with high humidity throughout the year.[1]
Rainfall, although adequate throughout the country, decreases from west to east and from mountains to plains. Some mountainous areas receive more than 1,010 mm (39.8 in) of precipitation each year. Annual precipitation averages about 635 mm (25 in) in central Transylvania, 521 mm (20.5 in) at Iaşi in Moldavia, and only 381 mm (15 in) at Constanţa on the Black Sea.
Romania map of Köppen climate classification, according to Clima României from the Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest 2008
Summers in the country are generally very warm to hot, and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are not unknown in the lower-lying areas of the country. Night time lows in Bucharest and other lower-lying areas are around 16 °C (60.8 °F), but at higher altitudes both maxima and minima decline considerably.
Satellite image of Romania in December, showing most of its territory under snow
In the coldest months of winter (December and January) temperatures average between 3˚C and -15˚C. During winter, the skies are often cloudy and snowfall is quite common. In the plains of Romania there are about thirty days with snowfall per year.
Records
The absolute minimum temperature was −38.5 °C (−37.3 °F), registered near Brașov in 1942. The absolute maximum temperature was 44.5 °C (112.1 °F), recorded at Ion Sion, Brăila County in 1951.[2]
| Climate data for Romania | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.2 (72.0) |
28.0 (82.4) |
32.8 (91.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
40.8 (105.4) |
42.0 (107.6) |
44.3 (111.7) |
44.5 (112.1) |
43.5 (110.3) |
39.0 (102.2) |
30.5 (86.9) |
23.4 (74.1) |
44.5 (112.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.0 (−38.2) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−31.4 (−24.5) |
−26 (−15) |
−16 (3) |
−12 (10) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−7.0 (19.4) |
−15 (5) |
−21.3 (−6.3) |
−30.8 (−23.4) |
−34.5 (−30.1) |
−39 (−38) |
| Source: National Meteorological Administration[2] | |||||||||||||
Averages and records by city
| Climate data for Bucharest (1981–2010, extremes 1929–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.1 (62.8) |
24.1 (75.4) |
29.0 (84.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
36.9 (98.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
42.2 (108.0) |
41.0 (105.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
35.2 (95.4) |
25.1 (77.2) |
18.4 (65.1) |
42.2 (108.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.8 (37.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
13.4 (56.1) |
20.0 (68.0) |
27.0 (80.6) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
29.8 (85.6) |
23.0 (73.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
3.8 (38.8) |
17.1 (62.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.4 (41.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.8 (62.2) |
20.6 (69.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
22.0 (71.6) |
16.9 (62.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
4.7 (40.5) |
0.2 (32.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
0.1 (32.2) |
4.9 (40.8) |
9.6 (49.3) |
13.6 (56.5) |
15.4 (59.7) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.5 (50.9) |
5.4 (41.7) |
0.6 (33.1) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
5.2 (41.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.2 (−26.0) |
−29.0 (−20.2) |
−21.7 (−7.1) |
−9.5 (14.9) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
4.5 (40.1) |
7.4 (45.3) |
5.2 (41.4) |
−3.1 (26.4) |
−8.0 (17.6) |
−19.4 (−2.9) |
−25.6 (−14.1) |
−32.2 (−26.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 37 (1.5) |
37 (1.5) |
44 (1.7) |
50 (2.0) |
56 (2.2) |
83 (3.3) |
70 (2.8) |
56 (2.2) |
64 (2.5) |
53 (2.1) |
46 (1.8) |
48 (1.9) |
643 (25.3) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 13.7 (5.4) |
11.0 (4.3) |
10.5 (4.1) |
1.5 (0.6) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
8.8 (3.5) |
10.5 (4.1) |
56.0 (22.0) |
| Average rainy days | 6 | 6 | 9 | 11 | 12 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 8 | 10 | 10 | 9 | 109 |
| Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 5 | 1 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 3 | 7 | 31 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 89 | 83 | 75 | 71 | 69 | 70 | 68 | 68 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 88 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 70.6 | 84.5 | 138.0 | 184.8 | 246.3 | 265.8 | 289.2 | 281.4 | 224.1 | 177.4 | 87.5 | 62.8 | 2,112.4 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 4 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net (average temperatures, humidity, precipitation, and snowy days)[3] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (snowfall and sunshine, 1961–1990),[4] Administrația Națională de Meteorologie (extremes)[5] and Weather Atlas[6] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Cluj-Napoca (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1901–2000) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 14.0 (57.2) |
19.3 (66.7) |
26.6 (79.9) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.5 (90.5) |
36.0 (96.8) |
37.0 (98.6) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.7 (92.7) |
32.6 (90.7) |
26.0 (78.8) |
18.7 (65.7) |
38.0 (100.4) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 0.5 (32.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
10.5 (50.9) |
17.8 (64.0) |
22.2 (72.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.9 (82.2) |
27.8 (82.0) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
7.4 (45.3) |
1.6 (34.9) |
14.2 (57.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.6 (27.3) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
4.5 (40.1) |
10.1 (50.2) |
15.1 (59.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
19.8 (67.6) |
19.5 (67.1) |
15.0 (59.0) |
9.8 (49.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−1.3 (29.7) |
9.2 (48.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.7 (21.7) |
−4.8 (23.4) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
4.3 (39.7) |
8.9 (48.0) |
12.0 (53.6) |
13.7 (56.7) |
13.2 (55.8) |
9.2 (48.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
−0.3 (31.5) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
4.2 (39.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −34.2 (−29.6) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−22.0 (−7.6) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
5.2 (41.4) |
3.5 (38.3) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
−8.8 (16.2) |
−22.3 (−8.1) |
−27.9 (−18.2) |
−34.2 (−29.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 25.7 (1.01) |
24.5 (0.96) |
31.0 (1.22) |
50.9 (2.00) |
66.9 (2.63) |
90.5 (3.56) |
85.7 (3.37) |
65.9 (2.59) |
48.5 (1.91) |
37.2 (1.46) |
32.1 (1.26) |
35.5 (1.40) |
594.4 (23.40) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 6.0 (2.4) |
11.5 (4.5) |
5.8 (2.3) |
1.3 (0.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.5 (0.2) |
2.6 (1.0) |
5.8 (2.3) |
33.5 (13.2) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.9 | 12.7 | 11.2 | 13.3 | 14.7 | 14.9 | 13.2 | 11.3 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 14.0 | 151.5 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 87 | 82 | 74 | 72 | 74 | 77 | 76 | 76 | 78 | 81 | 86 | 88 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 66 | 99 | 157 | 185 | 241 | 253 | 276 | 263 | 193 | 159 | 88 | 52 | 2,030 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute[8] NOAA (snowfall 1961–1990),[9] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1973–1993)[10] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Timișoara (1961–1990) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 17.4 (63.3) |
20.5 (68.9) |
28.2 (82.8) |
32.0 (89.6) |
34.5 (94.1) |
38.4 (101.1) |
39.6 (103.3) |
41.0 (105.8) |
39.7 (103.5) |
33.8 (92.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
22.2 (72.0) |
41.0 (105.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) |
5.6 (42.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
19.6 (67.3) |
24.8 (76.6) |
27.7 (81.9) |
29.8 (85.6) |
29.6 (85.3) |
24.0 (75.2) |
19.1 (66.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
4.2 (39.6) |
16.5 (61.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
1.2 (34.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
11.2 (52.2) |
16.3 (61.3) |
19.4 (66.9) |
21.1 (70.0) |
20.4 (68.7) |
16.5 (61.7) |
11.0 (51.8) |
5.6 (42.1) |
0.8 (33.4) |
10.6 (51.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) |
−2.3 (27.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
5.8 (42.4) |
10.1 (50.2) |
13.4 (56.1) |
14.6 (58.3) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.2 (52.2) |
6.2 (43.2) |
2.1 (35.8) |
−1.7 (28.9) |
5.8 (42.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.3 (−31.5) |
−29.2 (−20.6) |
−20.0 (−4.0) |
−5.2 (22.6) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
2.2 (36.0) |
5.9 (42.6) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−1.9 (28.6) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−15.4 (4.3) |
−24.8 (−12.6) |
−35.3 (−31.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 40 (1.6) |
36 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
48 (1.9) |
65 (2.6) |
76 (3.0) |
64 (2.5) |
50 (2.0) |
40 (1.6) |
39 (1.5) |
48 (1.9) |
50 (2.0) |
593 (23.3) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 9.8 (3.9) |
9.3 (3.7) |
4.4 (1.7) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
3.7 (1.5) |
7.2 (2.8) |
34.4 (13.5) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 7 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 7 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 89 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 90 | 86 | 79 | 73 | 73 | 74 | 73 | 75 | 76 | 81 | 85 | 89 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 72.1 | 92.2 | 155.4 | 186.4 | 242.4 | 262.3 | 300.6 | 280.2 | 217.5 | 177.3 | 86.4 | 56.9 | 2,129.7 |
| Source 1: NOAA,[11] Deutscher Wetterdienst[12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: National Institute of Statistics (extremes, 1901–2000)[13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Iași, Romania (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 16.7 (62.1) |
22.5 (72.5) |
27.0 (80.6) |
31.8 (89.2) |
36.4 (97.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
40.1 (104.2) |
39.7 (103.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
33.9 (93.0) |
29.0 (84.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
40.1 (104.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) |
3.3 (37.9) |
11.3 (52.3) |
18.7 (65.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
30.8 (87.4) |
25.4 (77.7) |
16.1 (61.0) |
11.1 (52.0) |
2.3 (36.1) |
15.4 (59.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −2.3 (27.9) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.5 (50.9) |
16.7 (62.1) |
19.9 (67.8) |
21.7 (71.1) |
20.9 (69.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
10.2 (50.4) |
4.0 (39.2) |
−0.9 (30.4) |
10.0 (50.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.2 (22.6) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
−0.1 (31.8) |
5.4 (41.7) |
10.6 (51.1) |
14.2 (57.6) |
15.9 (60.6) |
15.2 (59.4) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
0.9 (33.6) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
5.5 (41.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −30.6 (−23.1) |
−36.3 (−33.3) |
−22.7 (−8.9) |
−9.4 (15.1) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
3.5 (38.3) |
6.3 (43.3) |
4.6 (40.3) |
−3.5 (25.7) |
−9.6 (14.7) |
−21.1 (−6.0) |
−29.5 (−21.1) |
−36.3 (−33.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.9 (1.10) |
25.9 (1.02) |
30.8 (1.21) |
46.1 (1.81) |
55.2 (2.17) |
88.2 (3.47) |
74.9 (2.95) |
54.9 (2.16) |
54.9 (2.16) |
37.0 (1.46) |
34.3 (1.35) |
31.6 (1.24) |
561.7 (22.11) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 11.3 (4.4) |
14.3 (5.6) |
11.9 (4.7) |
6.9 (2.7) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.7 (0.3) |
10.4 (4.1) |
6.3 (2.5) |
61.8 (24.3) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 12.6 | 11.2 | 11.6 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 12.3 | 11.0 | 8.5 | 8.7 | 8.1 | 10.1 | 12.6 | 130.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 80 | 71 | 62 | 61 | 62 | 60 | 63 | 66 | 73 | 79 | 83 | 70 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 67 | 91 | 136 | 180 | 256 | 260 | 288 | 275 | 200 | 153 | 79 | 61 | 2,046 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[14] Ogimet (mean temperatures and sun 1981–2010)[15] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000),[16] NOAA (sunshine and snowfall 1961–1990),[17] Deutscher Wetterdienst (extremes, 1896–2015 and humidity, 1896–1960)[18] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Constanța (1981–2010) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 18.3 (64.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
30.8 (87.4) |
31.9 (89.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
36.9 (98.4) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.8 (98.2) |
34.8 (94.6) |
32.0 (89.6) |
26.5 (79.7) |
21.0 (69.8) |
38.5 (101.3) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 4.5 (40.1) |
5.7 (42.3) |
9.3 (48.7) |
17.1 (62.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
28.7 (83.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
29.1 (84.4) |
25.7 (78.3) |
21.4 (70.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
6.2 (43.2) |
15.9 (60.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.3 (34.3) |
2.0 (35.6) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.3 (50.5) |
16.1 (61.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.2 (73.8) |
23.0 (73.4) |
18.6 (65.5) |
13.5 (56.3) |
7.7 (45.9) |
3.0 (37.4) |
12.1 (53.8) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.4 (29.5) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
2.7 (36.9) |
7.3 (45.1) |
12.5 (54.5) |
16.9 (62.4) |
19.1 (66.4) |
19.0 (66.2) |
14.9 (58.8) |
10.3 (50.5) |
4.9 (40.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
8.8 (47.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −24.7 (−12.5) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
−12.8 (9.0) |
−4.5 (23.9) |
1.8 (35.2) |
6.4 (43.5) |
7.6 (45.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
1.0 (33.8) |
−12.4 (9.7) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−18.6 (−1.5) |
−25.0 (−13.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 27.6 (1.09) |
24.0 (0.94) |
34.0 (1.34) |
31.8 (1.25) |
37.9 (1.49) |
40.4 (1.59) |
37.5 (1.48) |
35.2 (1.39) |
42.1 (1.66) |
36.8 (1.45) |
45.6 (1.80) |
37.0 (1.46) |
429.9 (16.93) |
| Average snowfall cm (inches) | 7.0 (2.8) |
7.0 (2.8) |
4.2 (1.7) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
5.5 (2.2) |
3.4 (1.3) |
27.1 (10.7) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.9 | 8.5 | 9.2 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 8.2 | 7.0 | 4.6 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 97.4 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 85 | 85 | 83 | 81 | 78 | 76 | 77 | 79 | 82 | 86 | 88 | 82 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 87 | 110 | 140 | 192 | 272 | 282 | 327 | 308 | 230 | 168 | 102 | 83 | 2,301 |
| Source 1: World Meteorological Organization,[19] Ogimet (mean temperatures and sun 1981–2010)[20] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Romanian National Statistic Institute (extremes 1901–2000),[21] NOAA (snowfall 1961–1990),[22] Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1973–1993)[23] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Oradea | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 15 (59) |
18 (64) |
24 (75) |
29 (84) |
32 (90) |
37 (99) |
38 (100) |
39 (102) |
35 (95) |
28 (82) |
21 (70) |
16 (61) |
42 (108) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.4 (34.5) |
4.7 (40.5) |
10.7 (51.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
23.1 (73.6) |
26.9 (80.4) |
29.1 (84.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
26.0 (78.8) |
19.1 (66.4) |
10.3 (50.5) |
3.4 (38.1) |
16.8 (62.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −5.2 (22.6) |
−2.7 (27.1) |
1.0 (33.8) |
5.5 (41.9) |
10.1 (50.2) |
12.9 (55.2) |
14.2 (57.6) |
13.9 (57.0) |
10.8 (51.4) |
5.9 (42.6) |
1.9 (35.4) |
−2.4 (27.7) |
5.5 (41.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −27 (−17) |
−27 (−17) |
−24 (−11) |
−8 (18) |
0 (32) |
7 (45) |
7 (45) |
7 (45) |
0 (32) |
−10 (14) |
−28 (−18) |
−28 (−18) |
−28 (−18) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 39.5 (1.56) |
30.3 (1.19) |
36.5 (1.44) |
44.9 (1.77) |
63.4 (2.50) |
90.5 (3.56) |
69.1 (2.72) |
55.2 (2.17) |
39.9 (1.57) |
37.9 (1.49) |
46.6 (1.83) |
49.4 (1.94) |
603.2 (23.74) |
| Average snowy days | 8 | 7 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 7 | 28 |
| Source 1: Administrația Natională de Meteorologie[24] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: MSN Weather (for extreme and snowy days)[25] | |||||||||||||
See also
References
- ↑ "Meteo Romania – Clima Romaniei". www.meteoromania.ro.
- 1 2 "Climatic Records in Romania". Administratia Nationala de Meteorologie. Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
- ↑ "The Climate of Bucharest 1981–2010 (Average Temperatures, Humidity)" (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ↑ "București Băneasa Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "București Băneasa: Record mensili dal 1929" (in Italian). Administrația Națională de Meteorologie. Archived from the original on 1 April 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
- ↑ "Bucharest, Romania – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 3 July 2019.
- ↑ "World Weather Information Service – Cluj–Napoca". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on 25 July 2017. Retrieved 25 July 2017.
- ↑ "Air Temperature (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 November 2012.
- ↑ "Cluj Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Klausenburg (Cluj-Napoca), Siebenbürgen / Rumänien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ↑ "Timișoara Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 21 March 2015.
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Temeswar (Temeschburg) / Rumänien" (PDF). Deutscher Wetterdienst (in German). Retrieved 23 November 2016.
- ↑ "Geografie, meteorologie și mediu înconjurător" (PDF). Institutul Național de Statistică. 2007.
- ↑ "World Weather Information Service – Iasi". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on July 25, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ↑ "CLIMAT summary for 15090: Iasi (Romania) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ↑ "AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. Retrieved February 10, 2016.
- ↑ "Iași Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Iasi (Jassy), Moldau (Bessarabien) / Rumänien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
- ↑ "World Weather Information Service – Constanta". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on July 26, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ↑ "CLIMAT summary for 15480: Constanta (Romania) – Section 2: Monthly Normals". CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved July 25, 2017.
- ↑ "AIR TEMPERATURE (monthly and yearly absolute maximum and absolute minimum)" (PDF). Romanian Statistical Yearbook: Geography, Meteorology, and Environment. Romanian National Statistic Institute. 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 27, 2007. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ↑ "Constanța Climate Normals 1961-1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 21, 2015.
- ↑ "Klimatafel von Constanta (Konstanza), Dobrudscha / Rumänien" (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961-1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved November 23, 2016.
- ↑ "Medii lunare multianuale 1961–1990" (in Romanian). Romanian National Administration of Meteorology. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
- ↑ "Record and Averages for Oradea, Romania". Microsoft. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
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