Cooperative loans in Malaysia (commonly known in the Malay language as Pinjaman Koperasi) are credit services offered by cooperatives registered under the Cooperative Commission of Malaysia (SKM) to their members who work as civil servants.[1][2][3] It is part of the shadow banking system in Malaysia.[4] The borrowers are restricted to employees in government departments, statutory bodies, government-linked companies or municipal councils. The Congress of Unions of Employees in the Public and Civil Services (CUEPACS) supports these loans because they aid civil servants in overcoming financial problems and reducing borrowing from loan sharks.[5] All matters relating to the administration of these loans are regulated under the Cooperative Society Act of 1993.[6]

Loan features

Cooperative loans in Malaysia share some common features such as:

Repayment by salary deduction

Payment of monthly installment is via an automatic salary deduction by a government-related body called the National Cooperative Movement of Malaysia (ANGKASA).[7] Loan size is limited to RM250,000 (maximum allowed) or to the maximum installment amount that can be deducted from the borrower’s salary. Loan installments together with other deductions cannot exceed the maximum 60% limit on salary deductions imposed by the Public Services Department.[8] This is to ensure that the take-home pay is at least 40% of gross salary. The maximum tenure is 10 years (the maximum tenure allowable by Bank Negara Malaysia) or until retirement year, whichever comes first.

Sharia compliance

The vast majority of personal loans offered by the cooperatives are Islamic loans that comply with the Sharia guidelines set by SKM.[9] These loans are based on Islamic banking and finance principles such as Tawarruq and Murabahah which involve the buying and selling of commodity payable by installment or deferred payment. Using the buying-selling model, interest (riba) which is forbidden (haram), is replaced by a profit margin agreed upon between the buyer and the seller.[10][11] Most cooperative loans come with compulsory takaful insurance protection that covers the outstanding amount in circumstances of death or total permanent disability.

Dependence on borrowed funds

Cooperatives provide credit facilities to their members by using either their own or borrowed funds. Since cooperatives funds are limited, the operations of these loans are primarily dependent on consistent and constant funding from financial institutions. Popular commercial banks in Malaysia such as Maybank, RHB Bank, Kuwait Finance House and Bank Rakyat are currently funding or have in the past contributed funds to the cooperatives.[12][13][14][15]

Approval rate

The approval rate of cooperative loans is very high, as credit score is irrelevant since monthly installment repayment is automatic. Applicants who have been blacklisted by banks due to poor credit score as reflected by Central Credit Reference Information System (CCRIS) and the Credit Tip-Off System (CTOS) successfully apply for cooperative loans.[16]

Controversies

These plans have many critics, one of the most vocal being the Consumer Association of Penang. Among the criticism directed at the cooperatives include encouraging over-borrowing and burdening the borrowers with long-term debts.[17][18][19][20]

Long-term debt burden

In the past, cooperative loan schemes have had very long tenure, up to a maximum of 25 years. A loan stretched over a long tenure allows the borrower to pay lower monthly installment and hence be eligible for a higher loan amount. The maximum loan amount is RM250,000. In June 2013, in an effort to rein in rising household debt, Bank Negara restricted all personal loan borrowings to a maximum of 10 years.[21][22] This ruling effectively reduced borrowings under the cooperative schemes and led to protests by the cooperatives.[23][24] The Congress of Union of Employees in the Public And Civil Services (CUEPACS) also opposed the Central Bank’s new ruling and suggested a compromised solution of 15 years tenure. According to them, many government employees will borrow from loan sharks if they are unable to secure cooperative loans.[25] Despite much opposition, the 10-year loan tenure cap is still in place today.[26]

Illegal schemes

Some cooperatives are found to be operating illegal loan schemes and charging exorbitant interest. In August 2016, the Ministry of Domestic Trade, Co-operatives and Consumerism (Malaysia) (KPDNKK) ordered the closure of 12 cooperatives found operating loan schemes with the involvement of loan sharks.[27] The minister of KPDNKK, Datuk Hamzah, announced that the government was working on improving the Cooperative Act of 1993 to better regulate the activities of nearly 13,000 registered cooperatives throughout the country.[28][29]

High effective interest rates

Another criticism revolves around the actual cost of the loan. Prior to 2012, the typical interest rate of most cooperative loan was around 10% per annum calculated on a flat rate. Borrowers only received 81% of the loan amount with 19% deducted for various fees and expenses including a commission to agents. A recalculation of interest rates based on effective rates on the actual money received showed that borrowers were paying interest of 24% per annum.[30]

Cooperative loans today

Increased competition among cooperatives offering loans resulted in interest rate steadily declining. Most cooperative loans today charge an interest of 4% - 7% per annum with payout usually around 90% to 95%, which makes the cost of cooperative loans similar to bank loans.[31] Cooperative loans are meant to be a more viable option for civil servants with poor credit score cooperative loans compared to license money lenders who charge 18% per annum (maximum allowable interest rate as stipulated by the Money Lending Act 1951).[32]

References

  1. ↑ "Cooperative bank for personal financing - Nation | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2016-08-31. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  2. ↑ "SURUHANJAYA KOPERASI MALAYSIA : GP6 : GARIS PANDUAN MENGENAI KEMUDAHAN KREDIT OLEH KOPERASI : BAHAGIAN A : PENGENALAN" (PDF). Skm.gov.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  3. ↑ "PINJAMAN KOPERASI MALAYSIA RASMI : PERKIHDMATAN DAN KEMUDAHAN PINJAMAN PERIBADI OLEH KOPERASI : BAHAGIAN B : PENGENALAN". Koperasimalaysia.org. Retrieved 2020-06-29.
  4. ↑ "Shadow banking: It's a problem - Business News | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2013-07-06. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  5. ↑ "Kempen". Web10.bernama.com. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  6. ↑ "Laws of Malaysia" (PDF). Agc.gov.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  7. ↑ "ANGKASA Salary Deduction System". Angkasa.coop. Archived from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  8. ↑ "PERATURAN MENGENAI LARANGAN MEMINJAM WANG DAN BERADA DALAM KETERHUTANGAN KEWANGAN YANG SERIUS KE ATAS PEGAWAI AWAM" (PDF). Docs.jpa.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  9. ↑ "SURUHANJAYA KOPERASI MALAYSIA : GP7 : GARIS PANDUAN MENGENAI PEMBIAYAAN ISLAM OLEH KOPERASI : BAHAGIAN A : PENGENALAN" (PDF). Skm.gov.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-07-28. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy" (PDF). www.bnm.gov.my. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ "Pinjaman Peribadi Berlandaskan Syariah". Pinjamanislamik.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  12. ↑ "Koperasi Bersatu Tenaga Malaysia Berhad (KOBETA) - Laman Web Rasmi". KOBETA. 2010-03-27. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  13. ↑ "Pinjaman Terbaru Coshare Payout Tinggi". Coshareonline.com. Archived from the original on 2017-02-05. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  14. ↑ "Koperasi UKHWAH Malaysia Berhad - Ukhwah Pembiayaan". Ukhwah.com.my. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  15. ↑ "IDSB (Ikhtiar) | Pinjaman Kakitangan Kerajaan dan Swasta". Smartpinjaman.com. 2012-08-10. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  16. ↑ "Personal Loans of Koperasi Bank". koperasibank.com. Archived from the original on 19 October 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  17. ↑ "Shutdown co-ops that are agents of moneylenders". Consumer.org.my. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  18. ↑ "Co-ops heading for trouble again?". Consumer.org.my. Archived from the original on 2017-04-29. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  19. ↑ "A huge RM43bil problem over non-bank lending". Malaysiakini.com. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  20. ↑ "Majority of family debts result from house, car purchases". Free Malaysia Today. 2016-07-19. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  21. ↑ "Household debt on the rise - Business News | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2016-04-02. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  22. ↑ "Personal loan repayment fixed at 10 years to protect consumers | New Straits Times | Malaysia General Business Sports and Lifestyle News". Nst.com.my. 2016-05-24. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  23. ↑ "Johor’s credit cooperatives reject Bank Negara’s new regulation on personal loan - Nation | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  24. ↑ "Credit cooperatives upset over new regulations on loans - Community | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2013-07-31. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  25. ↑ "Timbang tempoh bayaran balik pinjaman peribadi - Nasional". Sinar Harian. 2014-05-23. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  26. ↑ "Bank Negara: 10-year personal loan cap stays - Nation | The Star Online". Thestar.com.my. 2013-09-12. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  27. ↑ "12 koperasi beri skim pinjaman diarah tutup - Jenayah - Utusan Online". www.utusan.com.my. Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  28. ↑ Wartawan Sinar Harian (2016-08-02). "SKM kaji semula Akta Koperasi 1993 - Nasional". Sinar Harian. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  29. ↑ "KPDNKK will review Cooperatives Act 1993: Hamzah Zainuddin". Thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  30. ↑ "24% interest rate for co-op loan". Consumer.org.my. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  31. ↑ "Skim Pinjaman Koperasi Malaysia | Pusat Sehenti Pinjaman Kakitangan Kerajaan". Pinjamankoperasi.org. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
  32. ↑ "BI" (PDF). 54.251.120.208. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2017-02-27.
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