The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood (CRB) (Croatian: Hrvatsko Revolucionarno Bratstvo or HRB), also known as Ustasha, was an Australian-based Croatian separatist terrorist organisation.[1][2][3][4]

The organisation was created by Croatian migrants to Australia from Europe after World War II, those who actively fought for the Independent State of Croatia. The organisation carried out actions in Europe and Australia.[5] The organisation was active throughout the territory of Yugoslavia in the early and mid-1960s. Its aim was to start an uprising in Yugoslavia and to establish an independent Croatia. This mission failed due to the intervention of the State Security Administration, the Yugoslav secret police.[6]

Actions

Notable members

Some notable CRB members were:

These people were also members of Ante Pavelić's Croatian Liberation Movement (HOP) but they left that organisation because they decided they would not achieve their goals through the political route.

UDBA, the Yugoslav secret police, attempted to curb the group's terrorist activities by engaging in covert assassinations of its members. Geza Pašti was killed in Nice in 1965, and Marijan Šimundić was killed in Stuttgart in 1967.[11]

The CRB/HRB's motto was: "Život za Hrvatsku" ["Life for Croatia"].

See also

References

  1. ↑ Jaensch, Dean (1992). The Macmillan Dictionary of Australian politics. Melbourne: Macmillan. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-7329-1445-5.
  2. ↑ Atkins, Stephen E. (1992). Terrorism: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara. Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 109. ISBN 978-0-87436-670-9.
  3. ↑ Aarons, Mark (2001). War Criminals Welcome: Australia, A Sanctuary for Fugitive War Criminals Since 1945. Melbourne: Black Inc. p. 15.
  4. ↑ Koschade 2009, p. 12, 296.
  5. ↑ Cain, Frank (1994). "ASIO in the 1960s and 1970s". The Australian Security Intelligence Organization: An Unofficial History. Abington; New York, NY: F. Cass. pp. 206–207. ISBN 978-1-136-29385-6. OCLC 819635772 – via Internet Archive.
  6. ↑ Hockenos, Paul (2003). "Chapter 3: The Avengers of Bleiburg". Homeland Calling: Exile Patriotism and the Balkan Wars. pp. 60–61. doi:10.7591/9781501725654. ISBN 978-1-5017-2565-4. OCLC 606993935.
  7. ↑ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, pp. 434–435.
  8. ↑ Tokic, Mate Nikola (6 August 2012). "The End of 'Historical-Ideological Bedazzlement': Cold War Politics and Emigre Croatian Separatist Violence, 1950-1980". Social Science History. Duke University Press. 36 (3): 421–445. doi:10.1215/01455532-1595408. ISSN 0145-5532. JSTOR 23258106. S2CID 246273836.
  9. ↑ Tokić, Mate Nikola (2011). "Party Politics, National Security, and Émigré Political Violence in Australia, 1949–1973". In Heitmeyer, Wilhelm; Haupt, Heinz-Gerhard; Malthaner, Stefan; Kirschner, Andrea (eds.). Control of Violence. New York, NY: Springer New York. p. 395-396. doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0383-9. ISBN 978-1-4419-0382-2. OCLC 695388665.
  10. ↑ Brawley, Sean (2009). Doomed to Repeat? Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington, DC: New Academia Publishing, LLC. pp. 283–298. ISBN 978-1-955835-04-6. OCLC 1265464219.
  11. ↑ Adriano & Cingolani 2018, p. 434.

Bibliography

  • Adriano, Pino; Cingolani, Giorgio (2018). "Epilogue The Question of the Ustasha between Yugoslavia and the Vatican, 1952–72". Nationalism and Terror: Ante Pavelić and Ustasha Terrorism from Fascism to the Cold War. Budapest; New York: Central European University Press. pp. 409–436. ISBN 978-963-386-206-3. JSTOR 10.7829/j.ctv4cbhsr. OCLC 8182808968.
  • Koschade, Stuart (2009). "The Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood: Action Kangaroo". In Brawley, Sean (ed.). Doomed to Repeat: Terrorism and the Lessons of History. Washington DC: New Academic Publishing. pp. 227–303. ISBN 9780981865492.
  • Koschade, Stuart (2007). The Internal Dynamics of Terrorist Cells: A Social Network Analysis of Terrorist Cells in an Australian Context (PhD thesis). Queensland University of Technology.
  • Cottle, Drew; Keys, Angela (2022). "Fascism in Exile: Ustasha-Linked Organisations in Australia". In Smith, Evan; Persian, Jane; Fox, Vashti Jane (eds.). Histories of Fascism and Anti-Fascism in Australia. London: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781003120964-7. ISBN 978-1-003-12096-4.
  • Tokić, Mate Nikola (2020). Croatian Radical Separatism and Diaspora Terrorism During the Cold War. West Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Press. ISBN 9781557538918.
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