Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta
Cyclone Heta at peak intensity
Meteorological history
FormedDecember 25, 2003 (2003-12-25)
DissipatedJanuary 8, 2004 (2004-01-09)
Category 5 severe tropical cyclone
10-minute sustained (FMS)
Highest winds215 km/h (130 mph)
Lowest pressure915 hPa (mbar); 27.02 inHg
Category 5-equivalent tropical cyclone
1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC)
Highest winds260 km/h (160 mph)
Lowest pressure898 hPa (mbar); 26.52 inHg
Overall effects
Fatalities1
Damage$113 million (2004 USD)
Areas affectedSamoan Islands, Tonga, Niue
IBTrACS
Part of the 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season

Severe Tropical Cyclone Heta was a Category 5 tropical cyclone that caused moderate damage to the islands of Tonga, Niue, and American Samoa during late December 2003 and early January 2004. Heta formed on December 25, 2003; it reached a maximum intensity of 260 km/h (160 mph) and an estimated pressure of 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) before dissipating on January 11, 2004. It was the first named tropical cyclone to form during the 2003–04 South Pacific cyclone season.

The damage Heta caused on Tonga, Niue, and American Samoa was estimated at $150 million (2004 USD), with most of the damage occurring in American Samoa; the cyclone was also responsible for one death. Heta precipitated a massive relief and clean-up operation that lasted throughout 2004.

Meteorological history

Map plotting the storm's track and intensity, according to the Saffir–Simpson scale
Map key
Saffir–Simpson scale
  Tropical depression (≤38 mph, ≤62 km/h)
  Tropical storm (39–73 mph, 63–118 km/h)
  Category 1 (74–95 mph, 119–153 km/h)
  Category 2 (96–110 mph, 154–177 km/h)
  Category 3 (111–129 mph, 178–208 km/h)
  Category 4 (130–156 mph, 209–251 km/h)
  Category 5 (≥157 mph, ≥252 km/h)
  Unknown
Storm type
triangle Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depression

During December 25, 2003 the Fiji Meteorological Service reported that Tropical Disturbance 03F had developed underneath the subtropical ridge of high pressure about halfway between Fiji and Rotuma.[1][2] At this time, the disturbance was poorly organised with atmospheric convection surrounding the system displaced by about a degree to the north and east of its low-level circulation centre.[2] Over the next few days, the system gradually developed further and was classified as a tropical depression by the FMS during December 28, as it slowly moved eastwards to the north of Fiji.[1][3] During the next day, as the depression passed about 40 km (25 mi) to the northeast of Futuna, the system started to move north-eastwards towards Tokelau.[4]

The depression migrated first northward and then eastward until January 2, 2004, when it reached tropical storm strength and was named Heta. At this point, low wind shear and high sea surface temperatures caused Heta to intensify rapidly.[5][6] On January 3, Heta, aided by a weak steering current, slowly began to move to the southeast as it became a Category 1 hurricane.[7]

The center of Heta passed 70 miles (110 km) west of Samoa as the storm reached Category 2 status. Heta reached a peak intensity of 260 km/h (160 mph) at midnight UTC on January 5, and maintained it for 24 hours as it continued its south-southeastward track. Heta passed close to the island of Niue at 03:00 UTC January 6 as it began slowly weakening. By January 7, Cyclone Heta had exited the Nadi RMSC's area of responsibility and entered that of the Tropical Cyclone Warning Center at Wellington, New Zealand. The storm slowly weakened as it encountered the cooler waters of the far South Pacific. Heta became extratropical 845 km (525 mi) south of the island of Rarotonga later on the 7th. These remnants of Heta slowed even further and moved westward, where they finally dissipated on January 11 east of Norfolk Island.[5][6]

Effects

Tokelau

During January 1, the FMS issued a tropical cyclone alert for Tokelau before upgrading it later that day to a gale warning, as Heta was expected to cause gale-force winds over the islands within 24–36 hours.[8][9] The warning was kept in force over the next 48 hours before it was cancelled during January 3, after Heta had moved away from Tokelau.[10]

Wallis and Futuna

Samoan Islands

In Samoa and American Samoa, although hurricane warnings were in effect, there were no reports of evacuations or storm shelters being opened before the storm.[11][12]

Tonga

Niue

In Niue, anticipating that the storm would bring catastrophic damage, 1300 residents sought shelter in their homes while others evacuated coastal areas to higher ground. One person was reported dead, and the storm damage described as the worst in living memory.[13] The capital Alofi was destroyed, as was the island's only hospital.[14]

Impact

Wind damage in the American Samoa.

Cyclone Heta caused around $110 to $150 million (2004 USD) in damage and one fatality[15] in its path across Tonga, Niue, Samoa, and American Samoa.[16]

During its early stages, Heta brought heavy rains and light winds but caused little or no damage. In Wallis and Futuna, however, high winds knocked out power and there was minor to moderate damage to buildings and crops. In Tonga, Heta's strong winds damaged houses and caused severe crop damage, mostly to breadfruit, mango, tava and bananas. In Tafahi and Niuatoputapu, 50–100% of the homes and buildings were destroyed by the cyclone's powerful, Category 5 winds. However, because of advanced warnings, there were no deaths or injuries. Structural damage in Tonga amounted to $160,000 (2004 USD).[11][17][18][19][20]

In Niue, a weather station recorded a barometric pressure of 945 millibars before it became inoperable. The capital city of Alofi, which took the brunt of the storm, was devastated as most of the commercial and financial areas were wiped out by the high winds. Damage to communications and electronic infrastructure was also great as the storm damaged a satellite dish and disabled 75% of Niue's computer database. The storm surge brought by Heta left two people dead.[6][21] In all, the storm caused over $85 million (2004 NZD) in damage on the island,[22] five times its 2003 GDP of $17 million.[23] Damage also included irreplaceable losses to the island's cultural heritage: Huanaki Cultural Centre & Museum was destroyed along with over 90% of the museum's collections.[24][25][26]

In Apia, Samoa, the heavy rains brought by Heta caused isolated reports of flooding. Heta's storm surge also closed down or washed out several roads. In Savai'i, the cyclones winds damaged powerlines, which made communications with the city difficult.[27] In American Samoa, two weather stations reported winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) with gusts of 185 km/h (115 mph). The high winds destroyed over 600 homes and damaged 4,000 others. Offshore, the storm brought waves up to 13.4 m (44 ft) high along the north and western part of the island. The combination of rough surf and storm surge damaged or destroyed many boats near Swains Island. Although no deaths were reported in Samoa, the storm managed to injure 20 people and leave between $50–150 million (2005 USD) in damage.[28]

Aftermath

Residents cleaning up after the storm.

The government of Niue declared a state of emergency after Cyclone Heta's impact. On January 8, New Zealand and Australia provided relief aid and supplies to the displaced residents. The aid provided by New Zealand's government amounted to $5 million (2004 NZD). The devastation left by Heta led to a major recovery plan by the government of Niue that lasted throughout 2004 and cost over $20 million (2004 NZD).[22][29][30] In Samoa, the International Red Cross and Red Crescent sent 60 volunteers, and distributed 150 tarpaulins and 340 water containers and blankets to the devastated area. On January 9, the number of volunteers increased to 100, and over 944 aid items were distributed. In Tonga, the Red Cross conducted a damage survey and provided relief aid to Niuatoputapu, which was hit especially hard by the cyclone. In addition, New Zealand provided $10,000 (2004 USD) worth of supplies and relief aid to Tonga.[20][31][32]

In American Samoa, Governor Aitofele Sunia declared a state of emergency after the cyclone, and later President George W. Bush declared the U.S. territory a disaster area. The declaration made the territory eligible for federal assistance and relief. The damage from the cyclone caused an evacuation of 140 residents to relief shelters, thirteen of which were opened after the storm.[33][34][35] In addition, the Small Business Administration (SBA) offered $40,000–$200,000 (2004 USD) in repair loans for residents and $1.5 million (2004 USD) in repair loans for businesses. The federal government offered $22 million (2004 USD) in relief aid through the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The United Church of Christ also provided $5,000 in relief aid.[35][36][37][38]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 RSMC Nadi Tropical Cyclone Seasonal Summary 2003–04 (PDF) (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 25, 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2010.
  2. 1 2 Tropical Disturbance Summary December 25, 2003 03z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 25, 2003.
  3. ↑ Tropical Disturbance Summary December 29, 2003 00z (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. December 29, 2003.
  4. ↑ "2003 Tropical Cyclone Heta (2003359S15177)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 2, 2019.
  5. 1 2 Unisys (2006)Unisys Best Track Data URL Accessed: August 17, 2006
  6. 1 2 3 Padget, Gary Cyclone Heta Report Australian Severe Weather. URL Accessed: August 17, 2006
  7. ↑ Unisys (2006)Unisys Best Track Data URL Accessed: 2018-09-18.
  8. ↑ Special Weather Bulletin Number One for the Tokelau Islands (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 1, 2004.
  9. ↑ Special Weather Bulletin Number Four for the Tokelau Islands (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 1, 2004.
  10. ↑ Special Weather Bulletin Number Sixteen for the Tokelau Islands (Report). Fiji Meteorological Service. January 3, 2004.
  11. 1 2 AFAP (2004) AP Warning #6 Archived 2006-08-19 at the Wayback Machine APCEDI URL Accessed: August 18, 2006
  12. ↑ Garner, Theresa (January 6, 2004). "Islands brace for storm fury". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved September 26, 2011.
  13. ↑ "Niue counts cost of savage storm". ABC Premium News. 7 January 2004 – via EBSCOHost.
  14. ↑ "Cyclone flattens capital". Courier-Mail. 8 January 2004. p. 18 – via EBSCOHost.
  15. ↑ News: Pacific: Cyclone Heta - Jan 2004, Pacific/Niue: Mother died shielding baby in cyclone
  16. ↑ NCDC (2004)American Samoa Event Details Archived 2011-05-20 at the Wayback MachineNOAA URL Accessed: August 17, 2006
  17. ↑ AFPF (2004) AP Warning #4 Archived 2006-08-19 at the Wayback Machine APCEDI URL Accessed: August 18, 2006
  18. ↑ NewZAID (2004) Aid report on Heta Archived 2005-12-23 at the Wayback Machine (February 17, 2004) URL Accessed: August 21, 2006
  19. ↑ AFPF (2004) AP Warning #11 Archived 2006-08-19 at the Wayback Machine APCEDI URL Accessed: August 21, 2006
  20. 1 2 "TONGA'S NIUATOPUTAPU SUFFERS FOOD SHORTAGE". Pacific Islands Report. 15 January 2004. Archived from the original on 28 November 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2020.
  21. ↑ UNDP "Cyclone ICT Damage plan after Heta URL Accessed: August 21, 2006
  22. 1 2 Government of Niue Niue Recovery Plan URL Accessed: August 22, 2006
  23. ↑ Country Information Paper - Niue, New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Updated 8 April 2009. Accessed 17 April 2009.
  24. ↑ Barnett, Jon; Ellemor, Heidi (2007). "Niue after Cyclone Heta". Australian Journal of Emergency Management. 22 (1): 3–4.
  25. ↑ Barnett, Jon (2008-06-01). "The Effect of Aid On Capacity To Adapt To Climate Change: Insights From Niue". Political Science. 60 (1): 31–45. doi:10.1177/003231870806000104. ISSN 0032-3187. S2CID 155080576.
  26. ↑ Pasisi, Jessica Lili (2020). Kitiaga mo fakamahani e hikihikiaga matagi he tau fifine Niue: tau pūhala he tau hiapo Niue women's perspectives and experiences of climate change: a hiapo approach (Thesis thesis). The University of Waikato.
  27. ↑ http://www.reliefweb.int/rw/RWB.NSF/db900SID/ACOS-64BETY?OpenDocument URL Accessed: August 21, 2006
  28. ↑ "Storm Events Database - Cyclone Heta". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 28 August 2018.
  29. ↑ Caritas Update on situation in Niue Archived 2006-08-24 at the Wayback Machine (February 4, 2004) URL Accessed: August 22, 2006
  30. ↑ WSCSD Niue: Questions of Sustainability in the Wake of Cyclone Heta Archived 2006-06-03 at the Wayback Machine May 7, 2004 URL Accessed: August 22, 2006
  31. ↑ International Red Cross (2004) IRC Bulletin URL Accessed: August 22, 2006
  32. ↑ International Red Cross (2004) IRC Bulletin URL Accessed: August 22, 2006
  33. ↑ unknown AMERICAN SAMOA DECLARES STATE OF EMERGENCY Archived 2007-09-27 at the Wayback Machine URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
  34. ↑ FEMA (2004) Federal Disaster Aid Ordered For American Samoa Storm Response Archived 2006-09-28 at the Wayback Machine (January 13, 2004) URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
  35. 1 2 UCC (2004) High winds and rain destroys homes in American Samoa (January 20, 2004) URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
  36. ↑ FEMA (2004) SBA-FEMA-TERRITORY Urge Quick Return Of Low-Interest Loan Applications Archived 2006-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (February 24, 2004) URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
  37. ↑ FEMA (2004) FEMA Warns Against Disaster Fraud Archived 2006-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (March 2, 2004) URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
  38. ↑ FEMA (2004) Disaster Recovery Summary Update Archived 2006-09-30 at the Wayback Machine (March 5, 2004) URL Accessed: August 23, 2006
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