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December 1, 1958: Fire kills 90 schoolchildren in Chicago

The following events occurred in December 1958:

December 1, 1958 (Monday)

  • The government of the Republic of Iraq announced that it was withdrawing from circulation all coins and banknotes that still had portraits of King Faisal II, who had been assassinated in a coup d'état in July, with the currency to be worthless after the time for exchanging for new currency and coinage expired.[1]
  • Martial law came to an end in the Kingdom of Jordan after 19 months.[2]
  • Mrika, composed and written by Prenk Jakova as the first Albanian-language opera, premiered in Tirana at the Migjeni Theatre. Dashnor Kaloçi,[3]
  • The French colony of Ubangi-Shari received partial self-government within the French Community as France declared the Central African Republic. France still administered the semi-independent nation's foreign and defense affairs in preparation for the republic's full independence in 1960. Barthélemy Boganda served as the first Prime Minister of the Central African Republic and was expected to become its first President but would die in a plane crash on March 29, 1959.
  • Design of the Big Joe spacecraft for the Project Mercury reentry test (the spacecraft would be boosted by an Atlas launch vehicle over a ballistic trajectory) was accomplished by the Space Task Group. Construction of the spacecraft was assigned as a joint task of the Langley and Lewis Research Centers under the direction of the Space Task Group. The instrument package was developed by Lewis personnel assigned to the Space Task Group, and these individuals later became the nucleus of the Space Task Group's Flight Operations Division at Cape Canaveral.[4]
  • A fire killed 92 students and three teachers at the Our Lady of the Angels parochial school in Chicago. The fire started in a cardboard trash barrel in a stairway, 40 minutes before classes were to end for the day. Because the school was filled with combustible materials and fire doors and alarms were inadequate, the fire spread quickly on the building's second floor. Most of the students (78) who died had been in three classrooms, 210, 211 and 212.[5] The fire resulted in numerous reforms in fire prevention in schools.[6]
  • The Tigers of Louisiana State University (LSU), at 10-0-0 the only unbeaten and untied major college football team in the nation, finished ahead of the 7-1-1 Hawkeyes of the University of Iowa, 331 to 275, to win the number one ranking in the United Press International poll of its board of 34 college football coaches, a result accepted by the NCAA in determining the mythical national college football championship for the 1958 season.[7]
  • Adolfo López Mateos was sworn in as the new President of Mexico.[8]
  • Born:
  • Died:
The U.S. dollar coin in honor of Peratrovich

December 2, 1958 (Tuesday)

  • The completion of the Kariba Dam closed off the Zambezi River, creating the world's largest artificial lake and reservoir by volume, Lake Kariba. Four years and four months later, the lake was filled to sufficient capacity to make a hydroelectric plant operable.[10]
  • In Ireland's County Kildare, 15 prisoners successfully escaped Curragh Camp out of 26 who made the attempt.[11] The moment came during a soccer football game outside the prison building. The leaders managed to use "improvised wire-cutters" to break through the three fences that encircled the prison, but some were stopped by "aimed leg-shots by the guard and the blinding flash effect of ammonia grenades", as well as the setting afire of bushes that would have been used as hiding places. Two were unable to cross the final barrier, a "substantial ditch", because of injuries, and two more were recaptured after an extensive search.[12]
  • Space Task Group officials visited the Army Ballistic Missile Agency to determine the feasibility of using the Jupiter launch vehicle for the intermediate phase of Project Mercury, to discuss the Redstone program, and to discuss the cost for Redstone and Jupiter launch vehicles.[4]
  • In the Associated Press college football poll of 212 sportswriters, the LSU Tigers finished ahead of the Iowa Hawkeyes, 1,904 points to 1,459, to be recognized by the NCAA as the undisputed champion of the 1958 season in both the AP and UPI rankings. LSU received 139 first-place votes, compared to 17 for Iowa and 13 for the Army Cadets.[13]
  • Born: George Saunders, American short story writer; in Amarillo, Texas
  • Died:
    • Dr. Ernest Sachs, 79, pioneering American neurosurgeon and (at Washington University School of Medicine) the first Professor of Neurosurgery at a U.S. medical school.[14]
    • Cora Wilson Stewart, 73, American educator who pioneered, in 1914, the night school concept with the opening of the "Moonlight School" in Kentucky, and the subsequent establishment of similar "Moonlight" programs in other states to offer education to illiterate people outside of regular school hours.

December 3, 1958 (Wednesday)

  • Ahmed Balafrej, the Prime Minister of Morocco, was fired by King Hassan II after less than seven months in office, following a conflict with the president of Morocco's Constitutional Assembly, Mehdi Ben Barka.[15]
  • Former Colombian dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was arrested on charges of attempting to overthrow the government of the recently elected President Alberto Lleras Camargo. Colombian Army units loyal to President Lleras discovered the coup and took up strategic positions around the capital.[16]
  • Control of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) at Cal Tech was transferred from the U.S. Army to the administration of NASA, effective January 1, by order of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower.[17][18]
  • American gangster Gus Greenbaum, operator of the Riviera Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas, was found brutally murdered along with his wife Bess in his home in Phoenix, Arizona,[19] the victim of an apparent mob hit, after the Riviera had been losing money while Greenbaum was supporting a gambling and narcotics habit. He was found in his bed, "nearly decapitated with a butcher knife", and his wife was found on a sofa with her throat slit. The crime was never solved.[20]

December 4, 1958 (Thursday)

December 5, 1958 (Friday)

The Motorway sign

December 6, 1958 (Saturday)

December 7, 1958 (Sunday)

  • A mystery that remains unsolved more than sixty years later began when a family from Portland, Oregon, Ken Martin, Barbara Martin, and their three daughters, left home to buy a Christmas tree, and never returned.[34] The body of 12-year-old Virginia Martin was found at the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, and the body her 10-year-old sister Susan would be located on May 3 near Camas, Washington.[35] No trace of the other three victims was ever located, nor was their car, a red and white station wagon ever found.[36] After more than sixty years, the mystery remained unsolved.[37]
  • Elections were held in West Berlin for the 133-seat "city parliament", and voters rejected all Communist Party candidates on the ballot, halting an attempt by the Soviet Union to make the landlocked area a "neutral city" with no ties to West Germany.[38]
  • Basel became the first city in Switzerland to grant women the right to vote and to be elected to office, after the city's men approved a resolution, 9,401 to 5,517.[39]

December 8, 1958 (Monday)

December 9, 1958 (Tuesday)

  • The mission of the United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL) ended with the departure from Lebanon of the last 375 U.N. personnel, after the peacekeeping force had originally arrived on June 12.[42]
  • An aeromedical selection team composed of Major Stanley C. White, U.S. Air Force; Lt. Robert B. Voas, U.S. Navy; and Captain William Augerson, U.S. Army, drafted a tentative astronaut selection procedure for Project Mercury. According to the plan, representatives from the services and industry would nominate 150 men by January 21, 1959; 36 of these would be selected for further testing which would reduce the group to 12; and in a 9-month training period, a hard core of 6 men would remain. At the end of December 1958, this plan was rejected.[4]
  • The John Birch Society, a right-wing, anti-Communist society, was established at a meeting in Indianapolis, Indiana, at the conclusion of a two-day session of 12 people led by Robert W. Welch Jr.[43] The eponym of the group, John M. Birch, had been a U.S. Army Air Forces captain whom Chinese Communists had killed in 1945 and had become the subject of a 1954 book by Welch.
  • Died:

December 10, 1958 (Wednesday)

December 11, 1958 (Thursday)

December 12, 1958 (Friday)

  • French Air Force General Maurice Challe arrived in Algeria as the new commander-in-chief of the French forces to lead the counter-insurgency in the fight against the Front de libération nationale (FLN) during the Algerian War. France's then-Prime Minister, Charles de Gaulle, assigned General Challe to replace General Raoul Salan. [51] Though his series of attacks was more successful than previous French efforts in repelling FLN gains, the FLN had already achieved an insurmountable control over most of French Algeria. Challe and Salan would later join in an attempted coup against the De Gaulle government in 1961.[52]
  • The balloon Small World and its British crew of three men and one woman set off from the Canary Islands in an attempt to make the first free-balloon flight across the Atlantic Ocean, with a destination of Barbados. Radio contact with the expedition, led by Arnold Eloart, was lost after December 19, and a December 26 report that the balloon had landed safely in Venezuela proved to be a hoax.[53][54]
  • Robert R. Gilruth, Mercury Project Manager, requested that the Lewis Flight Research Branch provide technical support for Project Mercury. The Space Task Group was particularly interested in Lewis' instrumentation facilities for use in research and development tests of Big Joe.[4]
  • Space Task Group personnel began technical assessment of crewed spacecraft development proposals submitted by industry. Charles Zimmermann headed the technical assessment team.[4]
  • Born: Sheree J. Wilson, American TV actress known for Dallas and Walker, Texas Ranger; in Rochester, Minnesota
  • Died:
    • Herbert Bankole-Bright, 75, Sierra Leonean politician and independence activist
    • Milutin Milanković, 79, Serbian Yugoslavian astronomer and climatologist who discovered the Milankovitch cycles of the predictable variation of the Earth's change in angle relative to the plane of its orbit would cause variations in the amount of solar energy which would reach the Northern Hemisphere. Milankovic's theory that variations in the amount of solar energy, combined with other factors, could cause climate change sufficient to affect the advance or deterioration of the polar ice caps. The theory, which could not be corroborated with the available means at the time of gathering data, would not be confirmed until 1976, after his death.[55]

December 13, 1958 (Saturday)

  • The newly created NASA space agency made its first launch of an animal into space, sending a squirrel monkey named Gordo to an altitude of 300 miles (480 km) on a Jupiter rocket.[56] Gordo endured a 10g force and floated weightlessly inside the capsule for 8.3 minutes, then endured reentry at 40g and 10,000 miles per hour (16,000 km/h). Telemetry showed that Gordo survived the forces, and in good condition, indicating that a human being could endure a launch and return to Earth.[4][57] Unfortunately, after the spacecraft splashed down in the Atlantic Ocean, the recovery team was unable to locate it after a six-hour search and Gordo was lost at sea.[57]
  • The United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs was created.
  • Near Fortaleza in Brazil, a 12-coach express train derailed, sending five cars plunging down an embankment and killing at least 20 people and injuring 50 people.[58]
  • Died: Harry "Tim" Moore, 71, African-American vaudeville and TV comedian known for portraying "Kingfish" on The Amos 'n' Andy Show, tuberculosis[59]

December 14, 1958 (Sunday)

December 15, 1958 (Monday)

December 16, 1958 (Tuesday)

  • A fire and panic killed 84 people at the Vida Department Store in Bogotá in Colombia. The fire began from a short circuit in colored lights used to decorate a large Nativity Scene in the center of the store's ground floor, and the blaze was fed by paper and straw that spread to nearby counters piled with boxes of toys.[63]
  • California's Vandenberg Air Force Base established itself as the U.S. West Coast rocketry center with the launch of a PGM-17 Thor missile.[64]
  • Soviet polar pilot V. M. Perov, flying an Li-2, rescued Gaston de Gerlache and three other Belgian polar explorers who had survived five days after a plane crash in Antarctica, 250 kilometres (160 mi) from their base.[65][66]

December 17, 1958 (Wednesday)

December 18, 1958 (Thursday)

  • The United States launched the SCORE (Signal Communication by Orbiting Relay Equipment), the world's first communications satellite, from Cape Canaveral on an SM-65B Atlas rocket.[67] Serving as the relay by the U.S. Army's Signal Corps for messages transmitted from one ground station to another, SCORE "proved that active communications satellites could provide a means of transmitting messages of all sorts from one point to any other on the planet Earth." The rocket itself was the satellite, packed with electronic gear designed to transmit and receive.[68]
The Bell XV-3 rotors as airplane propellers
  • The Bell XV-3 Tiltrotor made the first true mid-air transition from vertical helicopter-type flight to fully level fixed-wing flight, with test pilot Bill Quinlan making the conversion from helicopter mode to airplane mode.
  • Former Soviet Premier Nikolai Bulganin, who had been fired on March 27 after being head of the government since 1955, made an appearance before the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and delivered a confession of sorts that he had been the leader of an "Anti-Party Group" that had included former Premiers Vyacheslav Molotov (1930-1941) and Georgy Malenkov (1953-1955), former Foreign Minister Dmitri Shepilov (1956-1957) and former Deputy Premier Lazar Kaganovich (1953-1957). On June 18, 1957, Bulganin, Molotov, Malenkov and Kaganovich had been among members of the Communist Party Politburo who had voted, 7 to 4, to remove Khrushchev the Party Secretary. According to the TASS News Agency, Bulganin told the committee, "The stern and principled assessment of the criminal activities of the anti-party group and of my participation in it revealed and helped me to realize all the harm of the group and to see the rottenness of the anti-party swamp in which I found myself." He added "Working in the council of national economy, I see the genius-like character and wisdom of policy of our party and its Central Committee."[69]
  • The Republic of Niger was established as an autonomous state within the French Community, under the leadership of Hamani Diori as president for limited domestic self-government, but with France still guiding the West African republic's foreign affairs.
  • Born: Julia Wolfe, American composer and 2015 Pulitzer Prize for Music winner; in Philadelphia

December 19, 1958 (Friday)

  • In Turkey, near Adana, the fall of a truck down a 450-foot (140 m) ravine killed 33 workers who were riding in the back.[70]
  • Pursuant to U.S. Executive Order 50–59, the Advanced Research Projects Agency established Project Shepherd, a predecessor to the United States Space Surveillance Network, as the first network of stations to track orbiting objects as part of national defense. For that purpose, the Space Track Filter Center was opened at Bedford, Massachusetts.
  • A pre-recorded message from U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower was broadcast from the SCORE satellite to Earth stations at 3:15 in the afternoon Eastern time (2015 UTC) and could be heard on short wave radio at 132.905 megacycles. Eisenhower's statement was "This is the President of the United States speaking. Through the marvels of scientific advance, my voice is coming to you from a satellite circling in outer space. My message is a simple one. Through this unique means, I convey to you and to all mankind America's wish for peace on earth and goodwill toward men everywhere." The message then repeated.[71]
  • From All of Us to All of You, produced by Walt Disney Productions as an animated Christmas special, with greetings from Disney characters and cartoons, was shown for the first time, appearing as an episode of the U.S. ABC television network's Walt Disney Presents. The show is an annual feature of television on Christmas Eve in most Scandinavian nations.[72]
  • Born: Limahl (stage name for Christopher Hamill), English pop music singer and the lead vocalist for Kajagoogoo; at Pemberton, Lancashire
  • Died: Francis P. Murphy, 81, U.S. shoe manufacturer and philanthropist who served as governor of the state of New Hampshire from 1937 to 1940.[73]

December 20, 1958 (Saturday)

  • A 9-year-old girl, Mary Olive Hattam, was kidnapped from the town of Ceduna, South Australia, and murdered. The crime led to the arrest and conviction of an Indigenous Australian (referred to at the time as "an Aborigine"), Max Stuart, who was originally picked up for violating a state law prohibiting "full-blooded" Aboriginal people from drinking alcohol without a license. Stuart was charged with murder two days later, then coerced into signing a typed confession despite his limited understanding of the English language, and convicted of the murder, with a scheduled execution day of July 7, 1959. Under pressure from the Australian press over the uncertainty of Stuart's actual guilt and the disparate treatment for Australia's aborigines contrasted with its white people, the state postponed the execution. Stuart would be paroled in 1973. Years later, human rights lawyer Geoffrey Robertson would say of the Stuart case, "It was a dramatic and very important case because it alerted Australia to the difficulties that Aborigines, who then weren't even counted in the census, encountered in our courts. It alerted us to the appalling feature of capital punishment of the death sentence that applied to people who may well be innocent."[74]
  • NORAD, the North American Air Defense Command for the U.S. and Canada, approved the creation of 10 "Super Combat Center" underground bunkers that would house the command and control for the 10 NORAD air divisions in the event of a nuclear war. The plan envisioned excavation of caverns in Georgia's Kenesaw Mountain and New York state's Whitehorse Mountain, as well as deep underground bunkers to serve Ottawa, St Louis, San Antonio, Chicago, Phoenix, Portland, Oregon, Spokane, Washington, and Minot, North Dakota.[75] The number of SCCs was reduced to seven in June, then to six by the following December, then canceled altogether effective March 18, 1960.
  • The first Copa Chile, a knockout tournament for the championship of Chilean soccer football, ended with Colo-Colo of Macul (a suburb of Santiago) playing to a 2 to 2 draw against Club Deportivo Universidad Católica of Santiago before an audience of 22,752 at the Estadio Nacional de Chile. Colo-Colo was awarded the victory because it had a higher goal average during the tournament (3.00 per game vs. 2.63). The first-place finisher in the regular season, the Santiago Wanderers, had been eliminated in the first round of the tournament by Colo-Colo.[76]

December 21, 1958 (Sunday)

  • General Charles de Gaulle was elected president of France for a 7-year term, not by direct vote but indirectly through the largest electoral college ever organized, composed of 80,508 elected officials.[77] The members were from the French Parliament, the Conseils Généraux, the overseas assemblies, and tens of thousands of mayors, deputy mayors and city council members, of whom 79,470 cast valid votes. Prime Minister de Gaulle of the Union for the New Republic received 62,394 votes (78.51% of 79,470), while Georges Marrane of the French Communist Party received 10,355 (12.99%) and Albert Châtelet got 6,721.[78]
  • In one of Mexico's worst highway accidents, 70 people were killed when their overcrowded bus ran off the road near Oaxaca de Juárez in the state of Oaxaca. Most of the victims were from the village of San Dionisio Ocotepec and were on their way home from market day in the town of Tlacolula de Matamoros. The bus had a capacity of only 40 people, and many of the passengers were either riding on the top of the bus, and hanging on the rear bumper and the doors.[79]
  • Born: Cerge Remonde, Filipino journalist who was president of the Radio Philippines Network; in Argao, Cebu (d. of heart attack, 2010)
  • Died:
    • Harry Wills, 69, African-American boxer who held the World Colored Heavyweight Championship title three times but who was never permitted to fight for the world championship
    • H. B. Warner, 82, English-born American stage and silent film actor
    • Lion Feuchtwanger, 74, German Jewish novelist [80]

December 22, 1958 (Monday)

December 23, 1958 (Tuesday)

  • The Tokyo Tower, designed as a duplicate of the Eiffel Tower of Paris, but 9 metres (30 ft) taller, opened to the public as the tallest freestanding tower in the world.
  • All 21 people aboard Aeroflot Flight 466 were killed as the Ilyushin Il-14 was approaching Tashkent in Uzbekistan from Ashgabat in Turkmenistan on the last scheduled leg of a multistop trip within the Soviet Union. The plane stalled while making a second approach to the runway in poor weather.[84]
  • Switzerland's seven-member Federal Council voted to instruct the historically neutral nation's department of defense to study the logistics and execution of attaining nuclear weapons.

December 24, 1958 (Wednesday)

December 25, 1958 (Thursday)

  • The Harwoods Hole cave system in New Zealand was explored for the first time, as seven spelunkers used a winch to lower explorers into the deep cavern. David May, a teenager, was the first to be lowered in and reached a depth of 600 feet (180 m) to the cave floor.[87]
  • United Arab Airlines was created by the merger of the official airlines of the two nations that had united earlier in the year to create the United Arab Republic, as Syrian Airways and Misrair (Egypt's national airline) merged by arrangement of the UAR government. The UAR had been created by the merger of Egypt and Syria. As with the United Arab Republic, the merger of the two airlines was broken up in 1961, with the two becoming Syrian Arab Airlines and Egyptair.
  • Born:

December 26, 1958 (Friday)

  • U.S. President Eisenhower directed that the secret Special Group 303 committee begin holding weekly meetings, with representatives of the U.S. State Department and U.S. Department of Defense participating to ensure that the President would be aware of all ongoing operations of the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).[88]
  • Died: Viola Turpeinen, 49, American accordion player, died of cancer.

December 27, 1958 (Saturday)

  • In Egypt, representatives of the Soviet Union and the United Arab Republic signed an agreement for a 400 million rubles (equivalent to US$100,000,000) loan from the Soviets for the construction of the proposed Aswan Dam. Under the terms of the agreement, the loan was at 2 1/2% interest and payment would not begin until January 1, 1964. U.S. support for construction of the dam had been halted in 1956. The Vice President of the UAR, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amir signed along with Soviet Ambassador to Egypt E.D. Kisaelev and the Chairman of the Soviet Committee for Foreign Economic Relations, Pyotr Nikitin.[89]
  • Japan created its first universal health insurance program with the enactment of the National Health Care Act creating National Health Insurance (Japan) (NIH) (国民健康保険 or Kokumin-Kenkō-Hoken) for persons not covered by Employees' Health Insurance (健康保険 or Kenkō-Hoken).
  • Indonesia nationalized all Netherlands-owned companies that had been created during the colonial period of the Dutch East Indies, including those operating hospitals, plantations, electrical power, and oil exploration, drilling and refining, as President Sukarno issued 1958 Law No. 86.
  • A sudden storm off of the coast of Japan's Fukushima Prefecture sank seven fishing boats and killed 52 crew aboard, while 30 other boats from the Matsukawa Fisheires and the Harakama Fisheries were able to reach land safely. Another three ships sank in the Pacific Ocean storms elsewhere in Japan, and more than 50 people were missing.[90]
  • Two deputies of the Congress of the Republic of Peru fought in an unsuccessful duel after Carlos Bisso challenged Victor Freundt Rosell to gunshots and 40 meters. Freundt had called Bisso "an ignoramus" during an angry debate over the government budget, prompting the argument. Meeting at a field in Lima, the two men fired at each other with a pistol and missed. They then agreed to try again from a distance of 30 meters and missed again. With only their pride wounded, the two politicians "decided to give up and shook hands."[91]
  • Born:
  • Died: Mustafa Merlika-Kruja, 71, Prime Minister of Albania 1941 to 1943 during the Axis occupation, known for his persecution of the Serbian Albanian minority

December 28, 1958 (Sunday)

December 29, 1958 (Monday)

December 30, 1958 (Tuesday)

December 31, 1958 (Wednesday)

  • The government of the Philippines issued a general amnesty for all remaining Japanese prisoners who had been convicted of war crimes.[105]
  • At a New Year's Eve party for his cabinet and top government and military officials, Cuba's President Fulgencio Batista told his guests that he was going to leave the country before Fidel Castro's troops arrived. Batista and 40 family members and supporters boarded an airplane at 3:00 in the morning the next day at Camp Columbia and flew to the Dominican Republic, along with much of his fortune of $300 million that he had amassed from graft and payoffs.
  • Born:
  • Died:

References

  1. "King Off Iraq Coins". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1958. p. I-6.
  2. "Army Control Ends". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1958. p. I-13.
  3. "Vdekja tragjike e Jakovës, kollosit të muzikës shqiptare : historia e panjohur e mjeshtrit më të madh të muzikës që u diplomua në Romë" [The tragic death of Jakova, the colossus of Albanian music: the unknown story of the greatest music master who graduated in Rome]. Gazeta Shqiptare (in Albanian). 2002. pp. 12–13.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. Grimwood, James M. "PART II (A) Research and Development Phase of Project Mercury October 3, 1958 through December 1959". Project Mercury - A Chronology. NASA Special Publication-4001. NASA. Retrieved 1 February 2023.
  5. "87 PUPILS, 3 Nuns Die in School Fire— 85 Children Injured; Arson Experts Probe Chicago Blaze Ruins". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1958. p. I-1.
  6. Dudek, Mitch (December 1, 2013). "Survivors remember horror of Our Lady of the Angels fire". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on 28 February 2014.
  7. "LSU Named Grid Champs". Los Angeles Times. December 2, 1958. p. IV-3.
  8. Hicks, Cordell (December 2, 1958). "Lopez Mateos Sworn In as Mexican President". Los Angeles Times. p. I-1.
  9. "Yanko Rusev". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 31 January 2023.
  10. Coche, A.G.; Balon, E.K. (2012). Lake Kariba: A Man-Made Tropical Ecosystem in Central Africa. Springer Netherlands. pp. 80–82.
  11. "16 men in break-out from Curragh Camp: Gorse Set on Fire and Tear Gas Used in Efforts to Catch Them". The Guardian. Manchester. December 3, 1958. p. 1.
  12. Harvey, Dan (2016). Soldiers of the Short Grass: A History of the Curragh Camp. Irish Academic Press.
  13. "LSU Easily Takes Final AP Grid Poll". Los Angeles Times. December 3, 1958. p. IV-3.
  14. "Ernest Sachs Sr., MD". The Society of Neurological Surgeons. Archived from the original on 11 June 2016.
  15. Lentz, Harris M., ed. (2014). "Morocco, Kingdom of". Heads of States and Governments Since 1945. Taylor & Francis. pp. 560–561.
  16. "Army Nips Revolt Plot in Colombia". Los Angeles Times. December 4, 1958. p. I-1.
  17. Shannon, Don (December 4, 1958). "Army Loses Jet Lab to Civil Control— President Shifts Pasadena Work to End Space Dispute". Los Angeles Times. p. I-1.
  18. Burrows, William E. (2010). This New Ocean: The Story of the First Space Age. Random House. p. 261.
  19. "Vegas Hotel Man, Wife Found Slain— Riviera Owner Gus Greenbaum Slashed in His Phoenix Home". Los Angeles Times. December 4, 1958. p. I-2.
  20. Newton, Michael, ed. (2009). "Greenbaum, Gus". The Encyclopedia of Unsolved Crimes. Facts on File, Inc. pp. 144–145.
  21. "Plane With 21 Aboard Missing", Los Angeles Times, December 5, 1958, p. I-1
  22. Aviation Safety Network
  23. Laura Skandera Trombley, Mark Twain's Other Woman: The Hidden Story of His Final Years (Knopf Doubleday, 2011) p. 261
  24. "British Get Freeway Blues". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1958. p. I-6.
  25. Usborne, Simon (November 24, 2008). "The drive of our lives: 50 Years of Britain's motorways". The Independent. London.
  26. "Ingrid Again Has Swedish Citizenship". Los Angeles Times. December 6, 1958. p. I-3.
  27. Hopkins, Ernest J.; Thomas, Alfred Jr. (1960). The ASU Story. Southwest Publishing.
  28. "Willie Applegarth". Olympedia. OlyMADMen. Retrieved 5 April 2023.
  29. "Army Launches Rocket; Solar Orbit Doubted", Los Angeles Times, December 6, 1958, p. I-1
  30. "Rocket Falling Back to Earth After Peak of 65,000 Miles", Los Angeles Times, December 7, 1958, p. I-1
  31. "Moon Rocket Burns Up Over Africa— Pioneer III Falls After Space Climb of 66,654 Miles", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1958, p. I-1
  32. "ASC Tramples Gusties 41-12, Wins Bowl Spot", Arizona Daily Star (Flagstaff), December 7, 1958, p.A-1
  33. "Redmen Take 19-14 Victory To Earn Holiday Bowl Berth", Norman (OK) Transcript, December 7, 1958, p.10
  34. "Family of 5 Lost in Oregon Woods", , Los Angeles Times, December 10, 1958, p. I-2
  35. "Body Is Linked To Family", Bridgeport Telegram, May 4, 1959, p1
  36. "Family Gone Year Today", Tri-City Herald (Pasco, Washington), December 7, 1959, p1
  37. "Slabtown chronicle: December 2006".
  38. "Red Candidates Crushed in West Berlin Election— 'Free City' Proposal Rejected", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1958, p. I-1
  39. "Swiss City Gives Vote to Women", Los Angeles Times, December 8, 1958, p. I-1
  40. "Serov Removed as Russ Secret Police Chief". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1958. p. I-1.
  41. "Tris Speaker, Famed Ball Player, Dies". Los Angeles Times. December 9, 1958. p. I-1.
  42. Mesquita, Ana Guedes; White, Nigel D. (2015). "United Nations Observation Group in Lebanon (UNOGIL)". In Koops, Joachim; et al. (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. Oxford University Press. p. 157.
  43. Ellington, Thomas C. (2010). "John Birch Society". In Chapman, Roger (ed.). Culture Wars: An Encyclopedia of Issues, Viewpoints, and Voices. M.E. Sharpe. p. 286.
  44. "Gen. Cairns Dies in Copter Crash". Los Angeles Times. December 10, 1958. p. I-1.
  45. "French Territory Votes Home Rule". Los Angeles Times. December 13, 1958. p. I-7.
  46. "Pioneering Jet Flies in Today". Miami Herald. December 10, 1958. p. 2.
  47. "2 BLAMED IN BOMBING AS DEATHS RISE TO 10 — Tape Recordings at Scene Point to Pair; Sect Leader a Victim". Los Angeles Times. December 11, 1958. p. 1 via Newspapers.com.
  48. "Don Adolfo Camarillo of Historic Family, Dies". Los Angeles Times. December 11, 1958. p. 13.
  49. Paul, Joe Jr. (December 11, 1958). "Don Adolfo Camarillo, 94, Dies Following Month-Long Illness". Ventura County Star. Ventura County, California. p. 1.
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  51. "De Gaulle Replaces Gen. Salan in Algeria". Los Angeles Times. December 13, 1958. p. I-8.
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  53. "Atlantic Balloon Lands Safely in Venezuela— Three Men and Woman Take Two Weeks for Trip; Whereabouts Remain Mystery". Los Angeles Times. December 27, 1958. p. I-1.
  54. "Venezuela Drops Hunt for Balloon— Messages Saying Transatlantic Craft Landed in Orinoco Region Termed Hoax". Los Angeles Times. December 28, 1958. p. I-1.
  55. "Milankovitch, Milutin". A to Z of Scientists in Weather and Climate. Facts On File, Inc. 2014. pp. 115–116.
  56. "Army Puts Monkey In Space; Nosecone Lost on Re-Entry— Important Data Gleaned from Missile Shot". Washington Evening Star. Washington, D.C. December 13, 1958.
  57. 1 2 Caswell, Kurt (2018). Laika's Window: The Legacy of a Soviet Space Dog. Trinity University Press.
  58. "Brazilian Train Wreck Kills 20". Los Angeles Times. December 14, 1958. p. I-1.
  59. "Harry Moore, Kingfish of TV Show, Dies at 70; Famed Amos 'n' Andy Comedian, Ill Since Nov. 4, Victim of Tuberculosis". Los Angeles Times. December 14, 1958. p. I-2.
  60. "Soviets at Remote Spot in Antarctic— Russ Expedition Crosses 1366 Miles of Snow", Los Angeles Times, December 15, 1958, p. I-13
  61. "The Research Frontier". Air University Quarterly Review. U.S. Air University: 113. October 1961.
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  63. "82 Perish As Flames Engulf Department Store In Bogota— Panic Adds To Toll In Holocaust", Sacramento (CA) Bee, December 17, 1958, p. A1
  64. "First Missile Launched From California Base— Thor in 1725-mile Flight", by Marvin Miles, Los Angeles Times, December 17, 1958, p. I-1
  65. Rescue of Belgian Plane Crew in Antarctic, Soviet Bloc International Geophysical Year Information, January 16, 1959, U. S. Department of Commerce, pp. 18–19
  66. "Four Saved, Lost 10 Days in Antarctic", Los Angeles Times, December 16, 1958, p. I-1
  67. "U.S. PUTS 4-TON SATELLITE INTO ORBIT— Atlas 'Moon' Dwarfs Russ Sputnik; Feat Revealed by President", Los Angeles Times, December 19, 1958, p. I-1
  68. "Project Score: Patterson Army Health Clinic"
  69. "Bulganin Admits His Political Sins— Ex-Premier Says He Conspired With Molotov, Malenkov", Los Angeles Times, December 19, 1958, p. I-1
  70. "Plunge Kills 33". Los Angeles Times. December 20, 1958. p. I-2.
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  73. "New Hampshire Ex-Governor Dies". Los Angeles Times. December 20, 1958. p. I-4.
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  77. "Gen. De Gaulle Will Be Named President Today— 80,508 in French Electoral College to Vote; First Ballot Majority Expected", by Waldo Drake, Los Angeles Times, December 21, 1958, p. I-1
  78. "De Gaulle Triumphs in Presidential Vote", by Waldo Drake, Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1958, p. I-1
  79. "70 Killed as Bus Dives into Ravine", Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1958, p. I-1
  80. "Lion Feuchtwanger, Famed Author, Dies— Early Prophet of Hitler Menace, Refugee From Nazis, Here Since '41", Los Angeles Times, December 22, 1958, p. I-7
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  86. "Mrs. Elizabeth Bancroft, Air Pioneer, Dies at 80— Former Mrs. McQueen Best Known as Founder of Women's Aeronautics Group". Los Angeles Times. December 26, 1958. p. I-4.
  87. "Caving in New Zealand", by Carl Walrond, Encyclopedia of New Zealand (2007)
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  89. "Russ, U.A.R. Sign Pact for Building Aswan Dam", Los Angeles Times, December 28, 1958, p. I-12
  90. "100 Missing as Storms Lash Japan", Los Angeles Times, December 27, 1958, p. I-1
  91. Duellists Fire, Miss; Try Again, Then Quit", Associated Press report in Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1958, p. I-1
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  93. "Colts Beat Giants, Win in Overtime; 23-17 Game Tied With 7 Seconds Left in Regulation Time", The New York Times, December 29, 1958, p. 1
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  98. "'Star Wars' Owes A Great Debt To Akira Kurosawa's 'The Hidden Fortress'", by Bryan Young, SlashFilm.com, July 23, 2019
  99. "E. J. Noble, Chairman of Life Savers, Dies; Businessman and Philanthropist Also Headed American Broadcasting Network", Los Angeles Times, December 29, 1958, p. I-4
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