An example of a decision stump that discriminates between two of three classes of Iris flower data set: Iris versicolor and Iris virginica. The petal width is in centimetres. This particular stump achieves 94% accuracy on the Iris dataset for these two classes.

A decision stump is a machine learning model consisting of a one-level decision tree.[1] That is, it is a decision tree with one internal node (the root) which is immediately connected to the terminal nodes (its leaves). A decision stump makes a prediction based on the value of just a single input feature. Sometimes they are also called 1-rules.[2]

Depending on the type of the input feature, several variations are possible. For nominal features, one may build a stump which contains a leaf for each possible feature value[3][4] or a stump with the two leaves, one of which corresponds to some chosen category, and the other leaf to all the other categories.[5] For binary features these two schemes are identical. A missing value may be treated as a yet another category.[5]

For continuous features, usually, some threshold feature value is selected, and the stump contains two leaves — for values below and above the threshold. However, rarely, multiple thresholds may be chosen and the stump therefore contains three or more leaves.

Decision stumps are often[6] used as components (called "weak learners" or "base learners") in machine learning ensemble techniques such as bagging and boosting. For example, a Viola–Jones face detection algorithm employs AdaBoost with decision stumps as weak learners.[7]

The term "decision stump" was coined in a 1992 ICML paper by Wayne Iba and Pat Langley.[1][8]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Iba, Wayne; Langley, Pat (1992). "Induction of One-Level Decision Trees" (PDF). ML92: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Machine Learning, Aberdeen, Scotland, 1–3 July 1992. Morgan Kaufmann. pp. 233–240. doi:10.1016/B978-1-55860-247-2.50035-8. ISBN 978-1-55860-247-2.
  2. ↑ Holte, Robert C. (1993). "Very simple classification rules perform well on most commonly used datasets" (PDF). Machine Learning. 11 (1): 63–90. doi:10.1023/A:1022631118932. S2CID 6596.
  3. ↑ Loper, Edward L.; Bird, Steven; Klein, Ewan (2009). Natural language processing with Python. Sebastopol, CA: O'Reilly. ISBN 978-0-596-51649-9. Archived from the original on 2010-06-18. Retrieved 2010-06-10.
  4. ↑ This classifier is implemented in Weka under the name OneR (for "1-rule").
  5. 1 2 This is what has been implemented in Weka's DecisionStump classifier.
  6. ↑ Reyzin, Lev; Schapire, Robert E. (2006). "How Boosting the Margin Can Also Boost Classifier Complexity" (PDF). ICML′06: Proceedings of the 23rd international conference on Machine Learning. pp. 753–760. doi:10.1145/1143844.1143939. ISBN 978-1-59593-383-6. S2CID 2483269.
  7. ↑ Viola, Paul; Jones, Michael J. (2004). "Robust Real-Time Face Detection" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Vision. 57 (2): 137–154. doi:10.1023/B:VISI.0000013087.49260.fb. S2CID 2796017.
  8. ↑ Oliver, Jonathan J.; Hand, David (1994). "Averaging Over Decision Stumps". Machine Learning: ECML-94, European Conference on Machine Learning, Catania, Italy, April 6–8, 1994, Proceedings. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 784. Springer. pp. 231–241. doi:10.1007/3-540-57868-4_61. ISBN 3-540-57868-4. These simple rules are in effect severely pruned decision trees and have been termed decision stumps Iba & Langley 1992
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