A declaration of independence, declaration of statehood or proclamation of independence is an assertion by a polity in a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state. Such places are usually declared from part or all of the territory of another state or failed state, or are breakaway territories from within the larger state. In 2010, the UN's International Court of Justice ruled in an advisory opinion in Kosovo that "International law contains no prohibition on declarations of independence",[1] though the state from which the territory wishes to secede may regard the declaration as rebellion, which may lead to a war of independence or a constitutional settlement to resolve the crisis.

List of declarations of independence

State Declaration Date Association SignatoriesFirst recognizing state(s)
AlbaniaAlbanian Declaration of Independence November 28, 1912 Ottoman EmpireAssembly of Vlorë Austria-Hungary
 ArmeniaDeclaration of Independence of Armenia May 28, 1918 Soviet RussiaArmenian National Congress (1917), Armenian Revolutionary Federation Ottoman Empire
 Armenia Declaration of State Sovereignty of Armenia August 23, 1990  Soviet Union Levon Ter-Petrosyan and Supreme Council of Armenia secretary Ara Sahakian  Lithuania
 Artsakh Proclamation of the Nagorno Karabakh Republic September 2, 1991  Soviet Union Nagorno-Karabakh Regional and Shahumyan District Councils of People's Deputies of the Azerbaijan SSR
 Azawad Azawadi Declaration of Independence April 6, 2012  Mali National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
 Azerbaijan Declaration of Independence of Azerbaijan May 28, 1918  Soviet Russia Azerbaijani National Council Ottoman Empire
 Azerbaijan Act on Restoration of State Independence of Azerbaijan October 18, 1991  Soviet Union Supreme Council of Azerbaijan  Turkey
 BangladeshProclamation of Bangladeshi Independence March 26, 1971  Pakistan Constituent Assembly of Bangladesh  Bhutan
 Belarus Third Constituent Charter March 25, 1918  Soviet Russia Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic
 Belarus Announcement of the Declaration of Independence of the Soviet Socialist Republic of Byelorussia July 31, 1920  Poland Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Byelorussia, trade unions  Soviet Russia
 Belarus Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic July 27, 1990  Soviet Union Supreme Soviet of the BSSR  Turkey
 BelgiumBelgian Declaration of Independence October 4, 1830 NetherlandsProvisional Government of Belgium
 Bosnia and HerzegovinaBosnian Declaration of Independence March 1, 1992 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
BougainvilleBougainville Declaration of Independence May 1990 Papua New GuineaBougainville Interim Government
 BrazilDeclaration of the Independence of Brazil September 7, 1822 PortugalPedro I of Brazil United States
 BulgariaBulgarian Declaration of Independence September 22, 1908 Ottoman EmpireFerdinand of Bulgaria and the Government of Bulgaria Russia
 BurmaBurmese Declaration of Independence January 4, 1948 United Kingdom
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan Republic as a state of the Iberian Federation April 14, 1931 SpainFrancesc Macià, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration of the Catalan state within the Federal Republic of Spain October 6, 1934 SpainLluís Companys, Generalitat Government of Catalonia
 CataloniaDeclaration from the representatives of Catalonia as the Catalan Republic October 27, 2017 Spain
 Central America(present day
 Costa Rica
 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Nicaragua)		 Act of Independence of Central America September 15, 1821 Spain
 ChileChilean Declaration of Independence February 12, 1818 SpainNational Congress Portugal
 ColombiaColombian Declaration of Independence July 20, 1810 Spain
ComorosComorian Declaration of Independence July 6, 1975 France Guinea
 CrimeaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea March 11, 2014 UkraineSupreme Council of Crimea Russia
 CroatiaDeclaration of the Establishment of the Sovereign and Independent Republic of Croatia June 25, 1991 Yugoslavia Iceland
 CzechoslovakiaCzechoslovak Declaration of Independence October 18, 1918 Austria-HungaryCzechoslovak National Council United States
 Dominican RepublicDominican Declaration of Independence February 27, 1844 Haiti United Kingdom
 East TimorEast Timorese declaration of independence November 28, 1975 Portugal Morocco
 EgyptUnilateral Declaration of Egyptian Independence February 28, 1922 United KingdomUnilateral grant of independence by the British government United Kingdom
 EstoniaEstonian Declaration of Independence February 24, 1918 Germany
 Russia		Estonian Salvation Committee Finland
 FinlandFinnish Declaration of Independence December 6, 1917 RussiaParliament of Finland Soviet Russia
 First Mexican Empire
(present day  Mexico)		Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire
(real independence)		 September 28, 1821 SpainSupreme Provisional Governmental Board United Kingdom[2]
FloridaFlorida's Constitution of 1861 January 10, 1861 United StatesFlorida State Legislature
GaliciaDeclaration of the Republic of Galicia June 27, 1931 Spain
 Georgia, Democratic Republic ofGeorgian Declaration of Independence, 1918 May 26, 1918 Soviet RussiaGeorgian National Council Germany
 Georgia, Republic ofAct of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia April 9, 1991[3] Soviet UnionSupreme Council of the Republic of Georgia  Switzerland
Georgia, State ofGeorgia's secession declaration January 29, 1861 United States
 GreeceGreek Declaration of Independence January 1822  Ottoman EmpireFirst National Assembly Haiti
 Guinea-BissauGuinea-Bissau Declaration of Independence September 24, 1973 Portugal
 HaitiHaitian Declaration of Independence January 1, 1804 FranceJean-Jacques Dessalines France[4]
HungaryHungarian Declaration of Independence April 14, 1849 Habsburgs
 IcelandIcelandic Declaration of Independence June 17, 1944 Denmark United States
 IndiaDeclaration of the Independence of India January 26, 1930 United Kingdom
 IndonesiaProclamation of Indonesian Independence August 17, 1945 NetherlandsSukarno & Mohammad Hatta Kingdom of Egypt[5]
 IraqIraq Declaration of Independence October 3, 1932 United Kingdom United Kingdom
 IrelandProclamation of the Irish Republic April 24, 1916 United KingdomProvisional Government of the Irish Republic
Irish RepublicIrish Declaration of Independence January 21, 1919 United KingdomDáil Éireann Soviet Russia
 IsraelIsraeli Declaration of Independence May 14, 1948 United KingdomJewish People's Council United States
KatangaKatangan Declaration of Independence July 11, 1960 Congo-Léopoldville
 KoreaKorean Declaration of Independence March 1, 1919 JapanProvisional Government of the Republic of Korea China
 KosovaProclamation of the Republic of Kosova September 22, 1992 FR YugoslaviaAssembly of Kosovo Albania
 KosovoKosovo declaration of independence February 17, 2008 Serbia
 UN Administration		"Democratically elected leaders of our people"[lower-alpha 1] Costa Rica
 LatviaLatvian Declaration of Independence November 18, 1918 Germany
 Soviet Russia		 People's Council of Latvia Soviet Russia
 LatviaOn the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia May 4, 1990 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR Iceland
 LiberiaLiberian Declaration of Independence July 16, 1847 American Colonization SocietyLiberian Constitutional Convention United Kingdom
 LithuaniaAct of Independence of Lithuania February 16, 1918 Germany
 Soviet Russia		 Council of Lithuania Germany
 LithuaniaAct of the Re-Establishment of the State of Lithuania March 11, 1990 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Lithuania Iceland
Lower CanadaDeclaration of Independence of Lower Canada February 22, 1838 United KingdomRobert Nelson
MacedoniaIndependence of the Republic of Macedonia September 8, 1991 Yugoslavia Bulgaria
 Malaya
(present day Malaysia)		Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957 August 31, 1957 United KingdomTunku Abdul Rahman, Prime Minister of Malaysia United Kingdom[6]
MississippiA Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union January 9, 1861 United States
 MoldovaDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova August 27, 1991 Soviet UnionParliament of the Republic of Moldova Romania
 MontenegroMontenegro declaration of independence June 3, 2006 Serbia and MontenegroAssembly of the Republic of Montenegro Iceland
 MoroccoMoroccan Declaration of Independence January 11, 1944 FranceIstiqlal Party
 NetherlandsAct of Abjuration July 26, 1581 SpainUnion of Utrecht
Northern America
(present day)  Mexico		Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America November 6, 1813 SpainCongress of Anáhuac
 Northern CyprusDeclaration of Independence of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus November 15, 1983 Cyprus Turkey
Northern EpirusNorthern Epirote Declaration of Independence February 28, 1914 AlbaniaProvisional Government of Northern Epirus
North SolomonsDeclaration of Independence of the Republic of the North Solomons September 1, 1975 Territory of Papua and New Guinea (Australia)Unknown Vatican City
 Norway
(Kingdom of Norway)		Declaration of Independence of Norway (short after, sovereign under the Swedish monarchy), and the Constitution of Norway May 17, 1814 Denmark-Norway
(As of Treaty of Kiel)		Norwegian Constituent Assembly
 PadaniaPadanian Declaration of Independence September 15, 1996 Italy
 PakistanLahore Resolution March 24, 1940 United KingdomMuslim League (Pakistan)
 PalestinePalestinian Declaration of Independence November 15, 1988 Palestinian territories

 Jordan (claimed the West Bank until 1988)

 Palestinian National Council Arab League
PeruAct of the Declaration of Independence of Peru July 28, 1821 SpainJosé de San Martín Argentina
PhilippinesPhilippine Declaration of Independence June 12, 1898 Spain

 United States

 98 representatives of Dictatorial Government of the Philippines[7] (ratified on September 29, 1898 by the Malolos Congress[8])
Provinces of the Río de la Plata
(present-day
 Argentina
 Bolivia
 Uruguay)		Argentine Declaration of Independence July 9, 1816 SpainCongress of Tucumán Hawaii
 RhodesiaRhodesian Unilateral Declaration of Independence November 11, 1965 United KingdomIan Smith and the rest of the Cabinet
 RomaniaRomanian Declaration of Independence May 22, 1877 Ottoman EmpireKing Carol I
 RussiaBelovezha Accords December 12, 1991 Soviet UnionSupreme Soviet of the Russian SFSR
 Sahrawi Arab Democratic RepublicBir Lehlou Declaration February 27, 1976 Spanish SaharaPolisario Front Madagascar
 ScotlandDeclaration of Arbroath April 6, 1320 EnglandScottish leaders
SerbiaThe Proclamation (Proglašenije/Проглашеније) February 1809 Ottoman EmpireKarađorđe Petrović and Serbian MPs
 SingaporeProclamation of Singapore[9] August 9, 1965 Malaysia[10][11]Lee Kuan Yew, Prime Minister of Singapore United Kingdom[12]
 CzechoslovakiaMartin Declaration October 30, 1918 Austria-HungarySlovak National Council France
 SlovakiaSlovak National Council's Declaration of Independence of the Slovak Nation July 17, 1992 CzechoslovakiaSlovak National Council
 SloveniaSlovenian Declaration of Independence June 25, 1991 Yugoslavia Croatia
 SomalilandSomaliland Declaration of Independence May 18, 1991 Somalia
South CarolinaDeclaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union December 24, 1860 United StatesSouth Carolinians in Charleston
 Sri LankaDeclaration of Independence of Sri Lanka (Then known as "Ceylon") February 4, 1948 United Kingdom
 Texas, Republic ofTexas Declaration of Independence March 2, 1836 Mexico France
Texas, State ofA Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union February 1, 1861 United StatesTexas Legislature
 TibetTibet's Declaration of Independence February 13, 1913 China13th Dalai Lama Mongolia
 TurkmenistanAbout Independence and Bases of a State System of Turkmenistan October 27, 1991 Soviet Unionnone Turkey
 UkraineIV Universal January 22, 1918 Soviet RussiaCentral Council of Ukraine
 UkraineDeclaration of Independence of Ukraine August 24, 1991 Soviet UnionVerkhovna Rada Canada
 Poland[13]
 United StatesUnited States Declaration of Independence July 2, 1776[lower-alpha 2] Great BritainSecond Continental Congress Morocco[16][17]
United Tribes of New ZealandDeclaration of the Independence of New Zealand October 28, 1835—Māori chiefs United Kingdom[18]
 UzbekistanDeclaration of Independence August 31, 1991 Soviet UnionSupreme Council of Uzbekistan Turkey
 VenezuelaVenezuelan Declaration of Independence July 5, 1811 SpainNational Congress
 VermontVermont Declaration of Independence January 15, 1777 United States

British Quebec
 VietnamProclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam September 2, 1945 FranceHồ Chí Minh China

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ↑ No reference in original Albanian text to the declaration being the work of the Assembly of Kosovo. The language used in the declaration differs from that employed in acts of the Assembly of Kosovo in that the first paragraph commences with the phrase "We, the democratically-elected leaders of our people . . .", whereas acts of the Assembly of Kosovo employ the third person singular. Moreover, the procedure employed in relation to the declaration differed from that employed by the Assembly of Kosovo for the adoption of legislation. It was not transmitted to the Special Representative of the Secretary General and was not published in the Official Gazette of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government of Kosovo. As the practice shows, he would have been under a duty to take action with regard to acts of the Assembly of Kosovo which he considered to be ultra vires. Taking all factors together, the authors of the declaration of independence of 17 February 2008 did not act as one of the Provisional Institutions of Self-Government within the Constitutional Framework, but rather as persons who acted together in their capacity as representatives of the people of Kosovo outside the framework of the interim administration.
  2. ↑ The Continental Congress voted in favor of the Declaration of Independence on July 2.[14] Versions were not printed until July 4 and later, while the signatories did not sign the Matlack declaration until August.[15]

References

  1. ↑ "Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in Respect of Kosovo" (PDF). Icj-cij.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-08-21. Retrieved 2014-02-14.
  2. ↑ "Inglaterra: primer país que reconoce la Independencia de México" (in Spanish). Memoria Politica de México. Retrieved September 18, 2011.
  3. ↑ "Act of Restoration of State Independence of Georgia". Archived from the original on 2020-05-20.
  4. ↑ Ashmore, Harry S., ed. (1961). "Encyclopædia Britannica: a new survey of universal knowledge, Volume 11". p. 85. Retrieved 11 May 2016.
  5. ↑ Mohy, Mahmoud (2017-10-30). "EXCLUSIVE: Indonesian President's Advisor: 'We have a long history with Egypt'". Egypt Today. Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  6. ↑ Federation of Malaya Independence Act 1957
  7. ↑ Philippine History. Rex Bookstore, Inc. 2004. p. 162. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
  8. ↑ Tucker, Spencer (2009). The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History. ABC-CLIO. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-85109-951-1.
  9. ↑ Singapore was forced out of Malaysia by the Malaysian Parliament, and the proclamations were then agreed by the two governments. See the Independence of Singapore Agreement 1965 Archived 2017-06-28 at the Wayback Machine (1985 Rev. Ed.) and the Acts of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
  10. ↑ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state
  11. ↑ Agreement relating to the separation of Singapore from Malaysia as an independent and sovereign state/proclamation of singapore
  12. ↑ Singapore Act 1966
  13. ↑ Ukraine and Russia: The Post-Soviet Transition by Roman Solchanyk, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2000, ISBN 0742510182 (page 100)
    Canadian Yearbook of International Law, Vol 30, 1992, University of British Columbia Press, 1993, ISBN 9780774804387 (page 371)
    Szporluk, Roman (24 February 2020). Russia, Ukraine and the Breakup of the Soviet Union. Hoover Press. ISBN 978-0-8179-9543-0., p. 355
  14. ↑ A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation : U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates 1774-1875. Library of Congress. 2003. pp. 506–507. Tuesday July 2, 1776 [...] Resolved, That these United colonies are, and, of right, ought to be, Free and Independent States; that they are absolved of all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.
  15. ↑ Coelho, Chris (2013), Timothy Matlack, Scribe of the Declaration of Independence, McFarland, p. 61, ISBN 978-0-7864-7443-1
  16. ↑ US-Morocco Diplomatic Relationship Archived 2015-08-12 at the Wayback Machine. Official Web site of the Embassy of the Kingdom of Morocco to the United States of America.
  17. ↑ Dolan, Kerry A. (November 21, 2013). "Why Morocco Matters To The U.S." Forbes. Retrieved July 11, 2017.
  18. ↑ The Lord Glenelg (25 May 1836), "EXTRACT of a DESPATCH from Lord GLENELG to Major-General Sir RICHARD BOURKE, New South Wales", written at London, Documents > Declaration of Independence, Christchurch: Waitangi Associates, retrieved 22 May 2010
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