2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries
February 1 to June 14, 2016
4,763 delegate votes to the Democratic National Convention
2,382 delegate votes needed to win
 
Candidate Hillary Clinton Bernie Sanders
Home state New York Vermont
Delegate count 2,842 1,865
Contests won 34 23
Popular vote 16,917,853[lower-alpha 1][1] 13,210,550[lower-alpha 1][1]
Percentage 55.2%[lower-alpha 1] 43.1%[lower-alpha 1]
First place by initial pledged delegate allocation
Previous Democratic nominee

Barack Obama

 Democratic nominee

Hillary Clinton

Presidential primaries and caucuses were organized by the Democratic Party to select the 4,051 delegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention held July 25–28 and determine the nominee for president in the 2016 United States presidential election. The elections took place within all fifty U.S. states, the District of Columbia, five U.S. territories, and Democrats Abroad and occurred between February 1 and June 14, 2016.

A total of six major candidates entered the race starting April 12, 2015, when former Secretary of State and New York Senator Hillary Clinton formally announced her second bid for the presidency. She was followed by Vermont Senator Bernie Sanders, former Governor of Maryland Martin O'Malley, former Governor of Rhode Island Lincoln Chafee, former Virginia Senator Jim Webb and Harvard Law Professor Lawrence Lessig. A draft movement was started to encourage Massachusetts Senator Elizabeth Warren to seek the presidency, but Warren declined to run, as did incumbent Vice President Joe Biden. Webb, Chafee, and Lessig withdrew prior to the February 1, 2016, Iowa caucuses.[2][3]

Clinton won Iowa by the closest margin in the history of the state's Democratic caucus to date. O'Malley suspended[lower-alpha 2] his campaign after a distant third-place finish, leaving Clinton and Sanders as the only two candidates. The race turned out to be more competitive than expected, with Sanders decisively winning New Hampshire, while Clinton subsequently won Nevada and won a landslide victory in South Carolina. Clinton then secured numerous important wins in each of the nine most populous states including California, New York, Florida, and Texas, while Sanders scored various victories in between. He then laid off a majority of staff after the New York primary and Clinton's multi-state sweep on April 26.[5] On June 6, the Associated Press and NBC News stated that Clinton had become the presumptive nominee after reaching the required number of delegates, including both pledged and unpledged delegates (superdelegates), to secure the nomination. In doing so, she became the first woman to ever be the presumptive nominee of any major political party in the United States.[6] On June 7, Clinton officially secured a majority of pledged delegates after winning in the California and New Jersey primaries.[7] President Barack Obama, Vice President Joe Biden and Senator Elizabeth Warren formally endorsed Clinton on June 9.[8][9] Sanders confirmed on June 24 that he would vote for Clinton over Donald Trump in the general election[10] and formally endorsed Clinton on July 12 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[11]

On July 22, WikiLeaks published the Democratic National Committee email leak, in which DNC operatives seemed to deride Bernie Sanders' campaign[12] and discuss ways to advance Clinton's nomination,[13] leading to the resignation of DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz and other implicated officials. The leak was allegedly part of an operation by the Russian government to undermine Hillary Clinton.[14][15] Although the ensuing controversy initially focused on emails that dated from relatively late in the primary, when Clinton was already close to securing the nomination,[13] the emails cast doubt on the DNC's neutrality and, according to Sanders operatives and multiple media commentators, showed that the DNC had favored Clinton since early on.[16][17][18][19][20] This was evidenced by alleged bias in the scheduling and conduct of the debates,[lower-alpha 3] as well as controversial DNC–Clinton agreements regarding financial arrangements and control over policy and hiring decisions.[lower-alpha 4] Other media commentators have disputed the significance of the emails, arguing that the DNC's internal preference for Clinton was not historically unusual and did not affect the primary enough to sway the outcome, as Clinton received over 3 million more popular votes and 359 more pledged delegates than Sanders.[28][29][30][31][32] The controversies ultimately led to the formation of a DNC "unity" commission to recommend reforms in the party's primary process.[33][34]

On July 26, 2016, the Democratic National Convention officially nominated Clinton for president[35] and a day later, Virginia Senator Tim Kaine for vice president.[36] On November 8, 2016, Republican nominee Donald Trump defeated Clinton in the general election, though Clinton won the popular vote.

Candidates

Nominee

Candidate Born Most recent position State Announced Candidacy Total pledged delegates Contests won[lower-alpha 5] Running mate Ref.

Hillary Clinton		 October 26, 1947
(age 68)
Chicago, Illinois		 U.S. Secretary of State
(2009–2013)
New York		 April 12, 2015
(Campaign • Positions)
FEC Filing
Secured nomination:
June 2, 2016		 2205 / 4051 (54%) 34
AL, AR, AS, AZ,
CA, CT, DC, DE, FL,
GA, GU, IA, IL, KY,
LA, MA, MD, MO,
MP, MS, NC, NJ,
NM, NV, NY, OH,
PA, PR, SC, SD,[lower-alpha 6]
TN, TX, VA, VI		 Tim Kaine [37]

Withdrew at the convention

Candidate Born Most recent position State Announced Lost Nomination Candidacy Total pledged delegates Contests won[lower-alpha 5] Ref.

Bernie Sanders		 September 8, 1941
(age 74)
Brooklyn, New York		 U.S. Senator from Vermont
(2007–present)
Vermont		 April 30, 2015 July 26, 2016
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[38]
(Campaign • Positions)
FEC Filing		 1846 / 4051 (46%) 23
AK, CO, DA, HI,
ID, IN, KS, ME,
MI, MN, MT, NE,[lower-alpha 7]
NH, ND, OK, OR,
RI, UT, VT, WA,[lower-alpha 8]
WI, WV, WY[lower-alpha 6] 		[39]

Withdrew during the primaries

CandidateBornMost recent positionStateAnnouncedWithdrewCandidacyRef

Martin O'Malley		 January 18, 1963
(age 53)
Washington, D.C.		 Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)
Maryland		 May 31, 2015 February 1, 2016
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[40]
(Campaign • Website Archived January 26, 2016, at the Wayback Machine)
FEC Filing		 [41][42]

Withdrew before the primaries

CandidateBornMost recent positionStateAnnouncedWithdrewCandidacyRef

Lincoln Chafee		 March 26, 1953 (age 63)
Providence, Rhode Island		 Governor of Rhode Island (2011–2015)
Rhode Island		 June 3, 2015 October 23, 2015
(endorsed Hillary Clinton)[43]
(Campaign • Website)		 [44][45]

Jim Webb		 February 9, 1946 (age 70)
Saint Joseph, Missouri		 U.S. Senator from Virginia (2007–2013)
Virginia		 July 7, 2015 October 20, 2015
(no endorsement)
(Campaign • Website)		 [46][47]

Lawrence Lessig		 June 3, 1961 (age 55)
Rapid City, South Dakota		 Professor at Harvard Law School (2009–2016)
Massachusetts		 September 9, 2015 November 2, 2015
(no endorsement)
(Campaign • Website)		 [48][49]

Other candidates' results

The following candidates were frequently interviewed by news channels and were invited to forums and candidate debates. For reference, Clinton received 16,849,779 votes in the primaries.

Candidates in this section are sorted by number of votes received
Martin O'Malley Lawrence Lessig Jim Webb Lincoln Chafee
Governor of Maryland
(2007–2015)		 Harvard law professor
(2009–2016)		 U.S. Senator
from Virginia
(2007–2013)		 Governor of Rhode Island
(2011–2015)
Campaign Campaign Campaign Campaign
110,423 votes 4 write-in votes in New Hampshire 2 write-in votes in New Hampshire none

Other candidates participated in one or more state primaries without receiving major coverage or substantial vote counts.

Timeline

Background

Former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in April 2015

In the weeks following the re-election of President Obama in the 2012 election, media speculation regarding potential candidates for the Democratic presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election began to circulate. The speculation centered on the prospects of Clinton, then-Secretary of State, making a second presidential bid in the 2016 election. Clinton had previously served as a U.S. Senator for New York (2001–09) and was the First Lady of the U.S. (1993–2001).[50][51] A January 2013 Washington Post–ABC News poll indicated that she had high popularity among the American public.[52][53] This polling information prompted numerous political pundits and observers to anticipate that Clinton would mount a second presidential bid in 2016, entering the race as the early front-runner for the Democratic nomination.[54] From the party's liberal left wing came calls for a more progressive candidate to challenge what was perceived by many within this segment as the party's establishment.[55] Elizabeth Warren quickly became a highly touted figure within this movement as well as the object of a draft movement to run in the primaries,[56] despite her repeated denials of interest in doing so.[55][57] The MoveOn.org campaign 'Run Warren Run' announced that it would disband on June 8, 2015, opting to focus its efforts toward progressive issues.[58] The draft campaign's New Hampshire staffer, Kurt Ehrenberg, had joined Sanders' team and most of the remaining staffers were expected to follow suit.[59] Given the historical tendency for sitting vice presidents to seek the presidency in election cycles in which the incumbent president is not a candidate, there was also considerable speculation regarding a potential presidential run by incumbent Vice President Joe Biden,[60][61] who had previously campaigned for the Democratic presidential nomination in the election cycles of 1988 and 2008.[62] This speculation was further fueled by Biden's own expressions of interest in a possible run in 2016.[62][63] However, on October 21, 2015, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and President Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to enter the race, as he was still dealing with the loss of his son, Beau, who died weeks earlier at the age of 47. Biden would become the nominee for the Democratic Party four years later in the 2020 presidential election where he would go on to become the 46th President of the United States after defeating incumbent president Donald Trump in the general election.[64][65][66]

Senator Bernie Sanders during a rally, in July 2015

On May 26, 2015, Sanders officially announced his run as a presidential candidate for the Democratic nomination, after an informal announcement on April 30 and speculation since early 2014.[67][68][69] Sanders had previously served as Mayor of Burlington, Vermont (1981–89), Vermont's sole U.S. Representative (1991–2007) and Vermont's junior Senator (2007–present).[70] He emerged as the biggest rival to Hillary Clinton in the Democratic primaries, backed by a strong grassroots campaign and a social media following.[71] In November 2014, Jim Webb, a former U.S. Senator who had once served as the U.S. Secretary of the Navy during the Reagan administration, announced the formation of an exploratory committee in preparation for a possible run for the Democratic presidential nomination.[72] This made Webb the first major potential candidate to take a formal action toward seeking the party's 2016 nomination.[72] Martin O'Malley, former Governor of Maryland as well as a former Mayor of Baltimore, made formal steps toward a campaign for the party's nomination in January 2015 with the hiring and retaining of personnel who had served the previous year as political operatives in Iowa – the first presidential nominating state in the primary elections cycle – as staff for his political action committee (PAC). O'Malley had started the "O’ Say Can You See" PAC in 2012 which had, prior to 2015, functioned primarily as fundraising vehicles for various Democratic candidates, as well as for two 2014 ballot measures in Maryland.[73] With the 2015 staffing moves, the PAC ostensibly became a vehicle for O'Malley – who had for several months openly contemplated a presidential bid – to lay the groundwork for a potential campaign for the party's presidential nomination.[74] In August 2015, Lawrence Lessig unexpectedly announced his intention to enter the race, promising to run if his exploratory committee raised $1 million by Labor Day.[75][76] After accomplishing this, Lessig formally announced his campaign.[77] He described his candidacy as a referendum on electoral reform legislation, prioritizing a single issue: the Citizen Equality Act of 2017, a proposal that couples campaign finance reform with other laws aimed at curbing gerrymandering and ensuring voting access.[78][79]

Overview

Nominee
Ended campaigns
Iowa Caucuses
Super Tuesday
D.C. Primary
Convention 2016
Jim Webb presidential campaign, 2016Lincoln Chafee presidential campaign, 2016Lawrence Lessig presidential campaign, 2016Martin O'Malley presidential campaign, 2016Bernie Sanders presidential campaign, 2016Hillary Clinton presidential campaign, 2016

February 2016: early primaries

Despite being heavily favored in polls issued weeks earlier, Clinton was only able to defeat Sanders in the first-in-the-nation Iowa Caucus by the closest margin in the history of the contest: 49.8% to 49.6% (Clinton collected 700.47 state delegate equivalents to Sanders' 696.92, a difference of one-quarter of a percentage point).[80] This led to speculation that she won due to six coin-toss tiebreakers all resulting in her favor. However, the only challenge to the caucus' results was in a single precinct, which gave Clinton a fifth delegate.[81]

Date State/territory Clinton Sanders
February 1 Iowa 49.8% 49.6%
February 9 New Hampshire 38.0% 60.4%
February 20 Nevada 52.6% 47.3%
February 27 South Carolina 73.5% 26.0%

The victory, which was projected to award her 23 pledged national convention delegates (two more than Sanders), made Clinton the first woman to win the Caucus and marked a clear difference from 2008, where she finished in third place behind Obama and John Edwards.[82][83][84][85] Martin O'Malley suspended[lower-alpha 2] his campaign after a disappointing third-place finish with only 0.5% of the state delegate equivalents awarded, leaving Clinton and Sanders the only two major candidates in the race.[86] A week later, Sanders won the New Hampshire primary, receiving 60.4% of the popular vote to Clinton's 38%, putting him ahead of Clinton in the overall pledged delegate count by four, and making him the first Jewish candidate of a major party to win a primary.[87][88][89] Hillary Clinton's loss in New Hampshire was a regression from 2008, when she defeated Obama, Edwards, and a handful of other candidates including Joe Biden with 39% of the popular vote.[90]

Bernie Sanders speaks in Littleton, New Hampshire

Sanders' narrow loss in Iowa and victory in New Hampshire generated speculation about a possible loss for Clinton in Nevada, the next state to hold its caucuses on February 20.[91][92] For her part, Clinton, who had won the state eight years prior in the 2008 Nevada Democratic caucuses, hoped that a victory would allay concerns about a possible repetition of 2008 when she ultimately lost to Obama despite entering the primary season as the favorite for the nomination.[93] Ultimately, Clinton emerged victorious with 52.6% of the county delegates, a margin of victory similar to her performance in 2008.[94] Sanders, who attained 47.3% of the vote, was projected to receive five fewer pledged delegates than Clinton and the result was not promising for the following weekend's primary in South Carolina, more demographically favorable to Clinton than the prior contests. On February 27, Clinton won the South Carolina primary with 73.5% of the vote, receiving a larger percentage of the African American vote than Barack Obama had eight years earlier – 90% to Obama's 80%.[95]

March 1, 2016: Super Tuesday

Super Tuesday
State/territory Clinton Sanders
Alabama 77.8% 19.2%
American Samoa 68.4% 25.7%
Arkansas 66.3% 29.7%
Colorado 40.4% 59.0%
Georgia 71.3% 28.2%
Massachusetts 49.7% 48.3%
Minnesota 38.3% 61.7%
Oklahoma 41.5% 51.9%
Tennessee 66.1% 32.4%
Texas 65.2% 33.2%
Vermont 13.6% 86.1%
Virginia 64.3% 35.2%
Hillary Clinton during a rally, in March 2016

The 2016 primary schedule was significantly different from that of 2008. During that election cycle, many states moved their primaries or caucuses to earlier in the calendar to have greater influence over the race. In 2008, February 5 was the earliest date allowed by the Democratic National Committee, leading 23 states and territories to move their elections to that date, the biggest Super Tuesday to ever take place. For 2016, the calendar was more disparate than it was in 2008, with several groups of states voting on different dates, the most important being March 1, March 15, April 26 and June 7. The day with the most contests was March 1, 2016, in which primaries or caucuses were held in 11 states (including six in the Southern United States) and American Samoa. A total of 865 pledged delegates were at stake.

Clinton secured victories in all of the southern contests except Oklahoma. Her biggest victory of the day came in Alabama, where she won 77.8% of the vote against Sanders' 19.2%, although her most significant delegate prize came from Texas, where she received 65.2% of the vote with strong support from non-white as well as white voters. Collectively, the southern states gave Clinton a net gain of 165 pledged delegates.[96] Apart from the South, Clinton also narrowly defeated Sanders in Massachusetts, as well as winning in the territory of American Samoa. Sanders scored comfortable wins in the Minnesota and Colorado caucuses and Oklahoma primary and won an 86.1%–13.6% landslide in his home state of Vermont - one of only two times either of the two main candidates missed the 15% threshold in a state or territory, with the U.S. Virgin Islands, where Clinton received over 87% of the vote, being the other one. Although the results overall were unfavorable for Sanders, his four wins and narrow loss allowed him to remain in the race in anticipation of more favorable territory in New England, the Great Plains, Mountain States and the Pacific Northwest.[97] At the end of the day, Clinton collected 518 pledged delegates to Sanders' 347, taking her lead to 609–412, a difference of 197 pledged delegates.[98]

Mid-March contests

Mid-March contests
State/territory Clinton Sanders
Florida 64.4% 33.3%
Illinois 50.5% 48.7%
Kansas 32.3% 67.7%
Louisiana 71.1% 23.2%
Maine 35.5% 64.3%
Michigan 48.3% 49.8%
Mississippi 82.6% 16.5%
Missouri 49.6% 49.4%
Nebraska 42.9% 57.1%
North Carolina 54.6% 40.8%
N. Mariana Islands 54.0% 34.4%
Ohio 56.5% 42.7%
Hillary Clinton speaks in Phoenix, Arizona, in March 2016
Bill Clinton campaigning for his wife in March 2016

Sanders found more hospitable ground on the weekend of March 5, 2016, winning caucuses in Kansas, Maine and Nebraska by significant margins. Clinton answered with an even larger win in Louisiana's primary, limiting Sanders' net gain for the weekend to only four delegates. Clinton would also win the Northern Mariana Islands caucus, held the following weekend on March 12. Two states had held nominating contests on March 8 – Michigan and Mississippi – with Clinton heavily favored to win both.[99][100] Mississippi went for Clinton, as expected, by a landslide margin. The Mississippi primary was the highest vote share Clinton won in any state. However, Sanders stunned by scoring a narrow win in Michigan.[101] Analysts floated a number of theories to explain the failure of the Michigan polling, with most centering on pollsters' erroneous assumptions about the composition of the electorate stemming from the 2008 primary in Michigan not having been contested due to an impasse between the state party and DNC.[102][103][104] Although Clinton expanded her delegate lead, some journalists suggested Sanders' upset might presage her defeat in other delegate-rich Midwestern states,[105] such as Missouri, Ohio and Illinois, who voted a week later on March 15, along with North Carolina and Florida, where Clinton was more clearly favored.[106][107] Clinton was able to sweep all five primaries, extending her pledged delegate lead by around 100 delegates, although Sanders was able to hold Clinton to narrow margins in her birth-state of Illinois and especially Missouri, where Clinton won by a mere 0.2 points.[108] Missouri state law allowed for a possible recount had any of the candidates requested it; however, Sanders forwent the opportunity on the basis that it would not significantly affect the delegate allocation.[109][110] By the end of the evening, Clinton had expanded her pledged delegate lead to more than 320, several times larger than her greatest deficit in the 2008 primary.

Late March and early April

Late March / Early April contests
State/territory Clinton Sanders
Alaska 18.4% 81.6%
Arizona 56.5% 41.1%
Democrats Abroad 30.9% 68.9%
Hawaii 28.4% 71.5%
Idaho 21.2% 78.0%
Utah 20.3% 79.3%
Washington 27.1% 72.7%
Wisconsin 43.1% 56.6%
Wyoming 44.3% 55.7%

Following the March 15 primaries, the race moved to a series of contests more favorable for Sanders. On March 21, the results of the Democrats Abroad primary (held March 1–8) were announced. Sanders was victorious and picked up nine delegates to Clinton's four, closing his delegate deficit by five.[111] Arizona, Idaho and Utah held primaries on March 22, dubbed "Western Tuesday" by media.[112] Despite continued efforts by Sanders to close the gap in Arizona after his surprise win in Michigan, Clinton won the primary with 56.3% of the vote.[113] However, Clinton lost both Idaho and Utah by roughly 60 points, allowing Sanders to close his delegate deficit by 25.[114][115]

Sanders speaks in Seattle, Washington, March 2016

The next states to vote were Alaska, Hawaii and Washington on March 26, 2016.[116] All three states were considered as favorable for Sanders, and most political analysts expected him to win them all, given the demographics and Sanders' strong performance in previous caucuses.[116] Sanders finished the day with a net gain of roughly 66 delegates over Clinton. His largest win was in Alaska, where he defeated Clinton with 82% of the vote, although the majority of his delegate gain came from the considerably more populous state of Washington, which he won by a 46% margin, outperforming then-Senator Obama's 2008 results, when he defeated Clinton 68%–31%.[117][118] The Clinton and Sanders campaigns reached an agreement on April 4 for a ninth debate to take place on April 14 (five days before the New York primary) in Brooklyn, New York, which would air on CNN and NY1.[119] On April 5, Sanders won the Wisconsin primary by 13 and 1/2 percentage points, closing his delegate deficit by 10 more. The Wyoming caucuses were held on April 9, which Sanders won with 55.7% of the state convention delegates choosing him; however, Clinton had a stronger showing than expected, given her demographic disadvantage and that she did not campaign personally in the state. Each candidate was estimated to have earned 7 of Wyoming's 14 pledged delegates.[120]

Late April and May

Late April and May
State/territory Clinton Sanders
New York 58.0% 42.0%
Connecticut 51.7% 46.5%
Delaware 59.8% 39.2%
Maryland 63.0% 33.3%
Pennsylvania 55.6% 43.6%
Rhode Island 43.3% 55.0%
Indiana 47.5% 52.5%
Guam 59.5% 40.5%
West Virginia 35.8% 51.4%
Kentucky 46.8% 46.3%
Oregon 42.5% 55.9%
Sanders speaks in Brooklyn, New York, April 2016

On April 19, Clinton won New York by 16 points. While Sanders performed well in Upstate New York and with younger voters, Clinton performed well among all other age groups and non-whites, and she won a majority in all boroughs of New York City.[121]

Five Northeastern states held primaries a week later on April 26. The day was dubbed the "Super Tuesday III" or the "Acela Primary" after Amtrak's Acela Express train service that connects these states.[122] Clinton won in Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania and Connecticut while Sanders won the Rhode Island primary.

On May 3, Sanders pulled off a surprise victory in the Indiana primary, winning over Clinton by a five-point margin despite trailing in all the state's polls.[123] Clinton then won the Guam caucus on May 7[124] and, on May 10, she won the non-binding Nebraska primary[125] while Sanders won in West Virginia.

Clinton narrowly won Kentucky on May 17 by half a percentage point and gained one delegate, after heavily campaigning in the state. On the same day, Sanders won his second closed primary in Oregon where he gained nine delegates, a net gain of eight on the day. Clinton then went on to win the non-binding Washington primary on May 24.[126]

June contests

June contests
State/territory Clinton Sanders
Virgin Islands 87.1% 12.9%
Puerto Rico 59.4% 37.5%
California 53.1% 46.0%
Montana 44.6% 51.0%
New Jersey 63.3% 36.7%
New Mexico 51.5% 48.5%
North Dakota 25.6% 64.2%
South Dakota 51.0% 49.0%
District of Columbia 78.7% 21.1%
Clinton speaks in Washington, D.C., June 2016

June contained the final contests of the Democratic primaries, and both Sanders and Clinton invested heavily into winning the California primary. Clinton led the polls in California but some predicted a narrow race.[127] On June 4 and 5, Clinton won two decisive victories in the Virgin Islands caucus[128] and Puerto Rico primary.[129] On June 6, both the Associated Press and NBC News reported that Clinton had sufficient support from pledged and unpledged delegates to become the presumptive Democratic nominee.[130] Clinton's campaign seemed reluctant to accept the mantle of "presumptive nominee" before all the voting was concluded,[131] while Sanders' campaign stated it would continue to run and accused the media of a "rush to judgement."[132] Six states held their primaries on June 7. Clinton won in California, New Jersey, New Mexico and South Dakota. Sanders won Montana and North Dakota, the latter being the only caucus contest held on that day.[133] Clinton finally declared victory on the evening of June 7, as the results ensured that she had won a majority of the pledged delegates and the popular vote.[133] Sanders stated he would continue to run for the Democratic Party's nomination in the final primary in the District of Columbia on June 14,[134] which Clinton won. Both campaigns met at a downtown Washington D.C. hotel after the primary.[135] The Sanders campaign said that they would release a video statement on June 16 to clarify the future of Sanders' campaign; the video announced that Sanders looked forward to help Clinton defeat Trump.[136] On July 12, 2016, Sanders endorsed Clinton in Portsmouth, New Hampshire.[137]

July 2016: National Convention and email leaks

Email leaks

On July 22, 2016, WikiLeaks released online tens of thousands of messages leaked from the e-mail accounts of seven key DNC staff.[138] Some e-mails showed two DNC staffers discussing the possibility that Sanders' possible atheism might harm him in a general election with religious voters. Others showed a few staffers had expressed personal preferences that Clinton should become the nominee, suggesting that the party's leadership had worked to undermine Bernie Sanders' presidential campaign.[138] Then-DNC chair Debbie Wasserman Schultz called the accusations lies.[138] The furor raised over this matter escalated to Wasserman Schultz's resignation ahead of the convention,[139] and that of Marshals, Dacey, and Communications Director Luis Miranda afterwards.[140] Following Wasserman Schultz's resignation, then-DNC Vice Chair Donna Brazile took over as interim DNC chairwoman for the convention and remained so until February 2017.[141] In November 2017, Brazile said in her book and related interviews that the Clinton campaign and the DNC had colluded 'unethically' by giving the Clinton campaign control over the DNC's personnel and press releases before the primary in return for funding to eliminate the DNC's remaining debt from 2012 campaign,[26] in addition to using the DNC and state committees to funnel campaign-limitation-exceeding donations to her campaign.[142] Internal memos later surfaced, claiming that these measures were not meant to affect the nominating process despite their timing.[143] At the end of June 2016, it was claimed that "more money [from the Hillary Victory Fund] will be moved to the state parties in the coming months."[144] Brazile later clarified that she claimed the process was 'unethical', but 'not a criminal act'.[16][145]

DNC officials including chairman Tom Perez pointed out that the same joint-fundraising agreement had been offered to Sanders and applied only to the general election; however, the Clinton campaign also had a second agreement that granted it additional, unusual oversight over hiring and policy, even though the text of the agreement insisted on the DNC's impartiality and focus on the general election.[146] Brazile later denied that the primary was rigged, because "no votes were overturned," but described herself as "very upset" about a DNC–Clinton fundraising agreement.[147] The Washington Post characterized Brazile's eventual argument as: "Clinton exerted too much power but did win the nomination fairly."[148]

Russian involvement

After the general election, the U.S. intelligence community and the Special Counsel investigation assessed that the leaks were part of a larger interference campaign by the Russian government to cause political instability in the United States and to damage the Hillary Clinton campaign by bolstering the candidacies of Donald Trump, Bernie Sanders, and Jill Stein.[149][150][151][152] The Russian government is alleged to have promoted Sanders beginning in 2015 as a way to weaken or defeat Clinton, who Russian President Vladimir Putin opposed. The influence campaign by the Internet Research Agency targeted Sanders voters through social media and encouraged them to vote for a third party candidate or abstain from voting. Sanders denounced these efforts and urged his supporters to support Clinton in the general election.[153]

When news of the DNC leak first surfaced in June 2016, the Russian government denied allegations of hacking.[154] WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange also stated that the Russian government was not source of the leak.[155] In July 2018, the special counsel indicted 12 Russian intelligence officers for hacking and leaking the emails.[156]

National Convention

The 2016 Democratic National Convention was held from July 25–28 at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, with some events at the Pennsylvania Convention Center. The delegates selected the Democratic presidential and vice-presidential nominees and wrote the party platform. A simple majority of 2,383 delegates was needed to win the presidential nomination.[157] While most of the delegates were bound on the first ballot according to the results of the primaries, a progressively larger number of pledged delegates would have become unbound if the nomination required more than one ballot.[158] Clinton was nominated on the first ballot by acclamation, although all states were allowed to announce how they would have voted under a typical roll call vote. On July 12, 2016, the Vermont delegates had supported Clinton in Sanders' request; asking for party unity, he dropped out on July 26, 2016, and announced he would return to the Senate as an independent.[159]

Graphical summary of polling

Campaign finance

This is an overview of the money used in the campaign as it is reported to Federal Election Commission (FEC) and released on April 27, 2016. Outside groups are independent expenditure only committees—also called PACs and SuperPACs. Several such groups normally support each candidate, but the numbers in the table are a total of all of them. This means that a group of committees can be shown as technically insolvent (shown in red) even though it is not the case of all of them. The Campaign Committee's debt is shown in red if the campaign is technically insolvent. The source of all the numbers is OpenSecrets.[160] Some spending totals are not available, due to withdrawals before the FEC deadline.

Campaign committee (as of April 30) Outside groups (as of May 16) Total spent Campaign
suspended[lower-alpha 2]
Money raised Money spent Cash on hand Debt Money raised Money spent Cash on hand
Hillary Clinton[161] $204,258,301 $174,101,369 $30,156,932 $612,248 $84,815,067 $38,332,454 $46,482,614 $212,433,823 Convention
Bernie Sanders[162] $227,678,274 $219,695,969 $8,015,274 $898,879 $869,412 $1,069,765 $-200,353 $220,765,734 July 26
Martin O'Malley $6,073,767 $5,965,205 $108,562 $19,423 $1,105,138 $1,298,967 $-193,829 $7,264,172 February 1
Lawrence Lessig $1,196,753 N/A N/A N/A $0 $0 $0 N/A November 2
Jim Webb $764,992 $558,151 $206,842 $0 $27,092 $31,930 $-4,838 $590,081 October 20
Lincoln Chafee $418,136 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A October 23

Process

The Democratic Party presidential primaries and caucuses are indirect elections in which voters elect delegates to the 2016 Democratic National Convention; these delegates in turn directly elect the Democratic Party's presidential nominee. In some states, the party may disregard voters' selection of delegates or selected delegates may vote for any candidate at the state or national convention (non-binding primary or caucus). In other states, state laws and party rules require the party to select delegates according to votes, and delegates must vote for a particular candidate (binding primary or caucus). There are 4,051 pledged delegates and 714 superdelegates in the 2016 cycle.[163] Under the party's delegate selection rules, the number of pledged delegates allocated to each of the 50 U.S. states and Washington, D.C. is determined using a formula based on three main factors:

  1. The proportion of votes each state gave to the Democratic candidate in the last three presidential elections (2004, 2008, and 2012)
  2. The number of electoral votes each state has in the United States Electoral College.
  3. The stage of the primary season when they held their contest. States and territories that held their contests later are given bonus seats.

A candidate must win 2,383 delegates at the national convention, in order to win the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[163] For the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the U.S. Virgin Islands and for Democrats Abroad, fixed numbers of pledged delegates are allocated. All states and territories then must have used a proportional representation system, where their pledged delegates were awarded proportionally to the election results.[164] A candidate must receive at least 15% of the popular vote to win pledged delegates in a state. The current 714 unpledged superdelegates (or "soft" delegates) included members of the United States House of Representatives and Senate, state and territorial governors, members of the Democratic National Committee, and other party leaders. Because of possible deaths, resignations, or the results of intervening or special elections, the final number of these superdelegates may be reduced before the convention.[164] The Democratic National Committee also imposed rules for states that wished to hold early contests in 2016. No state was permitted to hold a primary or caucus in January and only Iowa, New Hampshire, South Carolina, and Nevada were entitled to February contests. Any state that violated these rules were penalized half its pledged delegates and all its superdelegates to the 2016 convention.[164]

Schedule and results

The following are the results of candidates that won at least one state. These candidates were on the ballots for every state, territory and federal district contest. The results of caucuses did not always have attached preference polls and attendance was extremely limited. The unpledged delegate count did not always reflect the latest declared preferences.

Date State/territory Calculated delegates Type[lower-alpha 9] Popular vote or equivalent[lower-alpha 10] Estimated delegates[lower-alpha 11]
Clinton
 Sanders
 Clinton Sanders Available[lower-alpha 12]
P U T P U T P U T P U T
Feb 1 Iowa[165] 44751Semi-open caucus 700 SDE (49.8%) 697 SDE (49.6%) 23629 21021 011
Feb 9 New Hampshire[166] 24832Semi-closed primary 95,355 (37.7%)152,193 (60.1%) 9615 15116 011
Feb 20 Nevada[167] 35843Closed caucus 6,316 CD (52.6%) 5,678 CD (47.3%) 20727 15116 000
Feb 27 South Carolina[168] 53659Open primary 272,379 (73.4%)96,498 (26.0%) 39544 14014 011
Mar 1 Alabama[169] 53760Open primary 309,926 (77.8%)76,401 (19.2%) 44650 909 011
American Samoa[170] 6511Closed caucus 162 (68.4%)61 (25.7%) 448 213 000
Arkansas[171] 32537Open primary 146,057 (66.1%)66,236 (30.0%) 22527 10010 000
Colorado[172] 661278Closed caucus 49,789 (40.3%)72,846 (59.0%) 25934 41041 033
Georgia[173] 10215117Open primary 543,008 (71.3%)214,332 (28.2%) 731184 29029 044
Massachusetts[174][175] 9124115Semi-closed primary 606,822 (49.7%)589,803 (48.3%) 462167 45146 022
Minnesota[176] 771693Open caucus 73,510 (38.4%)118,135 (61.6%) 311243 46248 022
Oklahoma[177][178] 38442Semi-closed primary 139,443 (41.5%)174,228 (51.9%) 17118 21122 022
Tennessee[179] 67875Open primary 245,930 (66.1%)120,800 (32.5%) 44852 23023 000
Texas[180] 22229251Open primary 936,004 (65.2%)476,547 (33.2%) 14721168 75075 088
Vermont[181][182] 161026Open primary 18,338 (13.6%)115,900 (85.7%) 055 16521 000
Virginia[183] 9513108Open primary 504,741 (64.3%)276,370 (35.2%) 621274 33033 011
Mar 5 Kansas[184] 33437Closed caucus 12,593 (32.3%)26,450 (67.7%) 10414 23023 000
Louisiana[185] 51859Closed primary 221,733 (71.1%)72,276 (23.2%) 37643 14014 022
Nebraska[186] 25530Closed caucus 14,340 (42.9%)19,120 (57.1%) 10313 15116 011
Mar 6 Maine[187] 25530Closed caucus 1,232 SCD (35.5%)2,231 SCD (64.3%) 8412 17118 000
Mar 1–8Democrats Abroad[188] 134[lower-alpha 13]17Closed primary 10,689 (30.9%)23,779 (68.9%) 42½6½ 9½9½ 011
Mar 8 Michigan[189][190] 13017147Open primary 581,775 (48.3%)598,943 (49.7%) 631376 67067 044
Mississippi[191] 36541Open primary 187,334 (82.5%)37,748 (16.6%) 31334 527 000
Mar 12 Northern Marianas[192] 6511Closed caucus 102 (54.0%)65 (34.4%) 459 202 000
Mar 15 Florida[193][194] 21432246Closed primary 1,101,414 (64.4%)568,839 (33.3%) 14124165 73275 066
Illinois[195] 15627183Open primary 1,039,555 (50.6%)999,494 (48.6%) 7924103 77178 01[lower-alpha 12]1[lower-alpha 12]
Missouri[196] 711384Open primary 312,285 (49.6%)310,711 (49.4%) 361147 35035 022
North Carolina[197] 10714121Semi-closed primary 622,915 (54.5%)467,018 (40.9%) 60969 47249 033
Ohio[198][199] 14317160Semi-open primary 696,681 (56.1%)535,395 (43.1%) 811697 62163 000
Mar 22 Arizona[200][201] 751085Closed primary 262,459 (56.3%)192,962 (41.4%) 42648 33134 033
Idaho[202] 23427Open caucus 5,065 (21.2%)18,640 (78.0%) 516 18220 011
Utah[203] 33437Semi-open caucus 15,666 (20.3%)61,333 (79.3%) 628 27229 000
Mar 26 Alaska[204][205] 16420Closed caucus 2,146 (20.2%)8,447 (79.6%) 314 13114 022
Hawaii[206] 25934Semi-closed caucus 10,125 (30.0%)23,530 (69.8%) 8513 17219 022
Washington[207] 10117118Open caucus 7,140 LDD (27.1%)19,159 LDD (72.7%) 271138 74074 066
Apr 5 Wisconsin[208][209] 861096Open primary 433,739 (43.1%)570,192 (56.6%) 38947 48149 000
Apr 9 Wyoming[210] 14418Closed caucus 124 SCD (44.3%)156 SCD (55.7%) 7411 707 000
Apr 19 New York[211][212][213] 24744291Closed primary 1,133,980 (57.5%)820,256 (41.6%) 13941180 1080108 033
Apr 26 Connecticut[214][215]551671Closed primary 170,045 (51.8%)152,379 (46.4%) 281543 27027 011
Delaware[216][217] 211132Closed primary 55,954 (59.8%)36,662 (39.2%) 121123 909 000
Maryland[218][219]9524119Closed primary 573,242 (62.5%)309,990 (33.8%) 601777 35136 066
Pennsylvania[220]18919208Closed primary 935,107 (55.6%)731,881 (43.5%) 10619125 83083 011
Rhode Island[221][222] 24933Semi-closed primary 52,749 (43.1%)66,993 (54.7%) 11920 13013 000
May 3 Indiana[223] 83992Open primary 303,705 (47.5%)335,074 (52.5%) 39746 44044 022
May 7 Guam[224] 7512Closed caucus 777 (59.5%)528 (40.5%) 459 303 000
May 10 Nebraska[225] —Closed primary 42,692 (53.1%)37,744 (46.9%) Non-binding primary with no delegates allocated.
West Virginia[226] 29837Semi-closed primary 86,914 (35.8%)124,700 (51.4%) 11617 18220 000
May 17 Kentucky[227][228] 55560Closed primary 212,534 (46.8%)210,623 (46.3%) 28230 27027 033
Oregon[229][230] 611374Closed primary 269,846 (42.1%)360,829 (56.2%) 25732 36339 033
May 24 Washington[231] —Open primary[232][lower-alpha 14] 420,461 (52.4%)382,293 (47.6%) Non-binding primary with no delegates allocated.
Jun 4 Virgin Islands[233][234][235] 7512Closed caucus 1,326 (87.12%)196 (12.88%) 7512 000 000
Jun 5 Puerto Rico[236] 60767Open primary 52,658 (59.7%)33,368 (37.9%) 37643 23023 011
Jun 7 California[237][238] 47576551Semi-closed primary 2,745,302 (53.1%)2,381,722 (46.0%) 25466320 2210221 01010
Montana[239][240] 21627Open primary 55,805 (44.2%)65,156 (51.6%) 10515 11112 000
New Jersey[241][242][243] 12616142Semi-closed primary 566,247 (63.3%)328,058 (36.7%) 791291 47249 022
New Mexico[244][245] 34943Closed primary 111,334 (51.5%)104,741 (48.5%) 18927 16016 000
North Dakota[246] 18523Open caucus[247][lower-alpha 15] 106 SCD (25.6%)258 SCD (64.2%) 516 13114 033
South Dakota[248][249] 20525Semi-closed primary[250] 27,047 (51.0%)25,959 (49.0%) 10212 10010 033
Jun 14 District of Columbia[251][252] 202545Closed primary 76,704 (78.0%)20,361 (20.7%) 162339 426 000
Total 4,051 712 4,763 16,847,084
(55.20%)[lower-alpha 1]		 13,168,222
(43.14%)[lower-alpha 1]		 2,205 570½ 2,775½ 1,846 43½ 1,889½ 097[lower-alpha 12]97[lower-alpha 12]
Date State/territory P U T Type Clinton Sanders P U T P U T P U T
Calculated delegates Popular vote or equivalent Clinton delegates Sanders delegates Available delegates

Superdelegate endorsements

Superdelegates are elected officials and members of the Democratic National Committee who vote at the Democratic National Convention for their preferred candidate. Also known as unpledged delegates, they comprise 15% of the convention (712 votes out of 4,763) and they may change their preference at any time. The table below reflects current public endorsements of candidates by superdelegates, as detailed and sourced in the full list above. Because commonly referenced estimates of superdelegate support, including those by CNN[253] and the AP,[254] do not identify individual delegates as supporting a given candidate, their published tallies may differ from the totals computed here.

Distinguished party leaders Governors Senators Representatives DNC members Totals
Hillary Clinton 17 20 45 177 313½ 572½
Bernie Sanders 1 0 2 7 32½ 42½
Martin O'Malley 0 0 0 0 1 1
No endorsement 2 1 0 7 86 96
Totals 20 21 47 191 433 712

Note: Democrats Abroad Superdelegates are assigned half-votes; each of them accounts for ½ rather than 1 in the table above.

Close states

Source:[255]

States where the margin of victory was under 1%:

  1. Missouri, 0.25%
  2. Iowa, 0.25%
  3. Kentucky, 0.42%

States where the margin of victory was under 5%:

  1. Massachusetts, 1.40%
  2. Michigan, 1.42%
  3. Illinois, 1.95%
  4. South Dakota, 2.06%
  5. New Mexico, 3.06%
  6. Indiana, 4.92%

States where the margin of victory was under 10%:

  1. Nevada, 5.28%
  2. Connecticut, 5.38%
  3. California, 7.03%
  4. Montana, 7.40%

States where the margin of victory was under 20%:

  1. Oklahoma, 10.36%
  2. Rhode Island, 11.63%
  3. Pennsylvania, 12.08%
  4. Ohio, 12.99%
  5. Wisconsin, 13.54%
  6. Wyoming, 13.64%
  7. North Carolina, 13.64%
  8. Oregon, 14.18%
  9. Nebraska, 14.28%
  10. Arizona, 14.90%
  11. West Virginia, 15.57%
  12. New York, 16.06%
  13. Colorado, 18.68%

Maps

See also

Related

Democratic Party articles

Presidential primaries

National conventions

Notes

    1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Does not include popular vote totals from Iowa, Maine, Nevada, North Dakota, Washington, Wyoming, or non-binding primaries
    2. 1 2 3 In US elections, suspending a campaign allows candidates to cease active campaigning while still legally raising funds to pay off their debts.[4]
    3. ↑ As far back as 2015, the sharp reduction of the debate schedule, as well as the days and times, had been criticized by multiple rivals as biased in Clinton's favor.[21] The DNC denied bias, claiming to be cracking down on the non-sanctioned debates that proliferated in recent cycles, while leaving the number of officially sanctioned debates the same as in 2004 and 2008.[22][23] Donna Brazile, who succeeded Debbie Wasserman Schultz as DNC chair after the first batch of leaks,[24] was shown in the emails leaking primary debate questions to the Clinton campaign before the debates were held, although a senior aide to Sanders came to Brazile's defense and tried to downplay the issue.[25]
    4. ↑ Brazile went on to write a book about the primary and what she called "unethical" behavior in which the DNC (after its debt from 2012 was resolved by the Clinton campaign) gave the Clinton campaign control over hirings and press releases, and allegedly helped it circumvent campaign finance regulation.[26] Several Democratic leaders responded that the joint-fundraising agreement was standard, was for the purpose of the general election, and was also offered to the Sanders campaign. However, another agreement that came to light gave the Clinton campaign powers over the DNC well before the primary was decided. Some media commentators noted that the Clinton campaign's level of influence on staffing decisions was indeed unusual and could have ultimately influenced factors such as the debate schedule.[27][28]
    5. 1 2 According to popular vote or pledged delegate count (not counting superdelegates); see below for detail.
    6. 1 2 Pledged delegates split evenly between Sanders and Clinton.
    7. ↑ Hillary Clinton won the non-binding Nebraska Democratic Primary.
    8. ↑ Hillary Clinton won the non-binding Washington Democratic Primary.
    9. ↑ Differences between types:
      • Open: Anyone can participate regardless of their registered party affiliation.
      • Semi-open: Anyone can participate except registered Republicans.
      • Semi-closed: Only registered Democrats or undeclared can participate.
      • Closed: Only registered Democrats can participate.
    10. ↑ Differences between types:
      • CD: 'Popular vote' tallies the county delegates.
      • LDD: 'Popular vote' tallies the legislative district delegates.
      • SCD: 'Popular vote' tallies the state convention delegates.
      • SDE: 'Popular vote' tallies the state delegate equivalents.
    11. ↑ Pledged delegates are elected with the understanding that they will support a specific candidate.
      Unpledged delegates (superdelegates) are not required to voice support for a specific candidate.
    12. 1 2 3 4 5 One Illinois superdelegate is still committed to O'Malley. Therefore, the total number of available delegates is one less than expected.
    13. ↑ There are 8 unpledged delegates from Democrats Abroad that each cast half a vote at the national convention.
    14. ↑ Open to all voters excluding those who caucused with the Republicans on February 20.
    15. ↑ Open to all voters, though those who attend must state they will identify as a Democrat for the 2016 election.

    References

    1. 1 2 Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Democratic Convention". The Green Papers. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
    2. ↑ Reston, Laura (October 14, 2015). "Americans Love an Underdog—Just Not Lincoln Chafee, Jim Webb, or Martin O'Malley". New Republic. Retrieved June 2, 2016.
    3. ↑ Strauss, Daniel (November 2, 2015). "Lessig drops out of presidential race". Politico. Retrieved November 2, 2015.
    4. ↑ Ballhaus, Rebecca (February 11, 2016). "Why Candidates 'Suspend' Losing Campaigns Rather Than Say 'I Quit'". The Wall Street Journal.
    5. ↑ "Sanders Lays Off Staff After Tuesday Primary Losses". NBC News. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
    6. ↑ Dann, Carrie (June 6, 2016). "Clinton hits 'magic number' of delegates to clinch nomination". NBC News. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
    7. ↑ "Hillary Clinton secures majority of pledged delegate". Politico. June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
    8. ↑ Eric Bradner (June 9, 2016). "Obama endorses Hillary Clinton in video". CNN. Retrieved June 10, 2016.
    9. ↑ Bixby, Scott (June 9, 2016). "Hillary Clinton gets endorsements from Obama, Biden and Elizabeth Warren – as it happened". The Guardian. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
    10. ↑ "US Election: Bernie Sanders says he will vote for Hillary Clinton". ABC News. Reuters. June 24, 2016. Retrieved June 24, 2016.
    11. ↑ Keith, Tamara (July 11, 2016). "Sanders And Clinton To Rally Together In New Hampshire". npr.org. Retrieved July 12, 2016.
    12. ↑ "Released Emails Suggest the D.N.C. Derided the Sanders Campaign". Retrieved November 6, 2018.
    13. 1 2 Blake, Aaron (July 25, 2016). "Here are the latest, most damaging things in the DNC's leaked emails". The Washington Post. Retrieved November 6, 2018.
    14. ↑ Adam Entous, Ellen Nakashima and Greg Miller (December 9, 2016), "Secret CIA assessment says Russia was trying to help Trump win White House", The Washington Post, retrieved December 10, 2016
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    26. 1 2 Brazile, Donna (November 2, 2017). "Inside Hillary Clinton's Secret Takeover of the DNC". Politico. Retrieved November 10, 2017.
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    28. 1 2 Heersink, Boris (November 4, 2017). "No, the DNC didn’t 'rig' the Democratic primary for Hillary Clinton". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
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    129. ↑ Coto, Dania; Lerer, Lisa (June 5, 2016). "Clinton wins Puerto Rico's primary". Associated Press. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
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    157. ↑ "RNC's 2016 Presidential Primary Estimated Delegate Count". Republican Party. April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016. (official source tracking active campaigns + adding delegates won on April 26, pending source update)
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    164. 1 2 3 "Democratic Detailed Delegate Allocation – 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved September 14, 2015.
    165. ↑ "Iowa Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    166. ↑ "New Hampshire Democratic Primary Results". William M. Gardner, New Hampshire Secretary of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    167. ↑ "Nevada Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
    168. ↑ "South Carolina Democratic Primary Official Results". South Carolina State Election Commission. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    169. ↑ "Alabama Democratic Party certified Election Results" (PDF). Secretary of State of Alabama. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    170. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "American Samoa Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
    171. ↑ "Arkansas Official County results (provisional)". Arkansas Secretary of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    172. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. (April 15, 2016). "Colorado Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
    173. ↑ "Georgia Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    174. ↑ "Massachusetts Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    175. ↑ "Massachusetts Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
    176. ↑ "Minnesota Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    177. ↑ "Oklahoma State Election Board - 2016 March PPP Election". ok.gov. Retrieved June 17, 2016.
    178. ↑ "Oklahoma Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    179. ↑ "Tennessee Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    180. ↑ "Texas Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    181. ↑ Vermont Secretary of State
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    183. ↑ "Virginia Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    184. ↑ "Kansas Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    185. ↑ "Louisiana Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    186. ↑ "Nebraska Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    187. ↑ "Maine Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    188. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Democrats Abroad Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
    189. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Michigan Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    190. ↑ Johnson, Ruth. "2016 Michigan Election results". Michigan Department of State. Retrieved April 1, 2016.
    191. ↑ "Mississippi Primary Results". Mississippi Secretary of State. Retrieved June 16, 2016.
    192. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Northern Marianas Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
    193. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Florida Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    194. ↑ "2016 Presidential Preference Primary - Official Election Results". Florida Department of State Division of elections. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
    195. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Illinois Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    196. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Missouri Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    197. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "North Carolina Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    198. ↑ "Ohio Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    199. ↑ "Ohio Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
    200. ↑ "State of Arizona Official Canvass - 2016 Presidential Preference Election - March 22, 2016" (PDF). Arizona Secretary of State. April 4, 2016. Retrieved April 6, 2016.
    201. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Arizona Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016.
    202. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Idaho Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    203. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Utah Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    204. ↑ "Alaska Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    205. ↑ "Alaska Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
    206. ↑ "Hawaii Caucus Results". The New York Times. Retrieved March 28, 2016.
    207. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Washington Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved March 30, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    208. ↑ Wisconsin Official Results
    209. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Wisconsin Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 6, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    210. ↑ Berg-Andersson, Richard E. "Wyoming Democratic Delegation 2016". The Green Papers. Retrieved April 25, 2016. (Projection computed by The Green Papers until full official results are published.)
    211. ↑ New York State Board of Elections
    212. ↑ "New York Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
    213. ↑ "New York Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 23, 2016.
    214. ↑ Connecticut Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
    215. ↑ "Connecticut Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
    216. ↑ "State of Delaware - Office of the State Election Commissioner". delaware.gov. Retrieved June 18, 2016.
    217. ↑ "Delaware Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
    218. ↑ "Maryland Official Primary Results". Maryland State Board of Elections. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
    219. ↑ "Maryland Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
    220. ↑ "Pennsylvania Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 27, 2016.
    221. ↑ "Rhode Island Primary Results". The New York Times. Retrieved April 26, 2016.
    222. ↑ "RI.gov: Election Results". ri.gov. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
    223. ↑ "Indiana Democratic Delegation 2016 - Official Primary Results". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 4, 2016.
    224. ↑ "Guam Democratic Delegation". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
    225. ↑ "Election Results". Nebraska Secretary of State. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
    226. ↑ "West Virginia Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
    227. ↑ Kentucky Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
    228. ↑ "Kentucky Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 17, 2016.
    229. ↑ Oregon Secretary of State - Official Election Results
    230. ↑ "Oregon Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved May 20, 2016.
    231. ↑ "Presidential Primary Results". wa.gov. May 24, 2016. Retrieved May 28, 2016.
    232. ↑ "2016 Presidential Primary". wa.gov. Retrieved May 12, 2016.
    233. ↑ "Clinton moves closer to nomination, sweeps in Virgin Islands". Retrieved June 5, 2016.
    234. ↑ "Delegate Tracker". Associated Press. June 6, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2016.
    235. ↑ "Virgin Islands Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved July 17, 2016.
    236. ↑ "Puerto Rico Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
    237. ↑ "California Democratic Primary - Official Election Results" (PDF). ca.gov. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
    238. ↑ "California Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
    239. ↑ Montana Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
    240. ↑ "Montana Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
    241. ↑ New Jersey Democratic Primary Official Results - New Jersey Department of State
    242. ↑ "New Jersey Democratic Primary Results" (PDF). New Jersey State Elections. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
    243. ↑ "New Jersey Democrat". The Green Papers. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
    244. ↑ New Mexico State Board of Elections - Official Primary Results
    245. ↑ "New Mexico Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
    246. ↑ "North Dakota Democrat". The Green Papers. June 7, 2016. Retrieved June 7, 2016.
    247. ↑ "North Dakota Democratic-NPL Caucus Guide 2016". Retrieved May 29, 2016.
    248. ↑ South Dakota Secretary of State - Official Primary Results
    249. ↑ "South Dakota Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 13, 2016.
    250. ↑ "Upcoming Elections: South Dakota Secretary of State, Shantel Krebs". sdsos.gov. Retrieved April 19, 2016.
    251. ↑ District of Columbia Board of Elections - Official Primary Results
    252. ↑ "District of Columbia Democratic Delegation 2016". thegreenpapers.com. Retrieved June 14, 2016.
    253. ↑ "2016 Election Center - Presidential Primaries and Caucuses". CNN.
    254. ↑ "Delegate Tracker". Associated Press.
    255. ↑ "2016 Presidential Democratic Primary Election Results".
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