Dipteris
Dipteris conjugata
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Division: Polypodiophyta
Class: Polypodiopsida
Order: Gleicheniales
Family: Dipteridaceae
Genus: Dipteris
Reinw.
Type species
Dipteris conjugata
Reinwardt
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Phymatodes Presl

Dipteris is a genus of about seven species of ferns, native to tropical regions across the world, particularly Asia, with a species in northeastern Queensland in Australia. It is one of two genera in the family Dipteridaceae.

Description

Species of Dipteris grow from creeping rhizomes,[1] and have large stalks to the sporangium and annulus.[2] The rhizomes have bristles (or hairs) and the fronds have uniseriate hairs (having one line or series).[3] All species of Dipteris have spore-capsules that are carried on the lower surface of the broad lobed frond.[4] The fronds can reach up to 50 cm long.[5]

Taxonomy

Caspar Georg Carl Reinwardt first published the genus in 1825,[6] by describing Dipteris conjugata Reinw.[7] which is the best known species.[8]

In 1839, R. Brown reduced the genus to a subgenus of Polypodium.[9] In 1901, Konrad Christ published Die Farnkrauter der Erde't, within which he included the genus Dipteris in the family Polypodiaceae, (a subdivision of the Polypodiacea).[10] It was then later placed into a separate genus,[4][5] Bower (1928), Ching (1940) and Pichi-Sermolli (1958) all having recreated the family Dipteridaceae, then comprising only one genus, Dipteris,[11] due to the differences in sporangium, stomata and gametophte.[3]

The Latin genus name Dipteris refers to an amalgamation of two terms: di meaning two, and pteris Greek word used for ferns generally, meaning wing-like.[12]

Species

Phylogeny of Dipteris[13][14]

D. lobbiana (Hooker) Moore

D. wallichii (Brown ex Wallich 1828) Moore

D. conjugata Reinwardt

D. chinensis Christ

D. shenzhenensis Yan & Wei 2021

As of October 2019, Plants of the World Online and the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World recognized seven species:[15][16]

  • Dipteris chinensis Christ – Tropical Asia and Australasia
  • Dipteris conjugata Reinw. – Indochina to Australia (Queensland), and some islands in the Pacific Ocean
  • Dipteris lobbiana (Hook.) T. Moore – Cuba, Hispaniola
  • Dipteris nieuwenhuisii Christ
  • Dipteris novoguineensis Posth.
  • Dipteris papilioniformis Kjellb.
  • Dipteris wallichii (R. Br.) T. Moore – India, Cuba, Hispaniola

Dipteris polyphyllus, a species from New Guinea has not been fully accepted as a species.[17]

Distribution and habitat

Many species are found in Malaysia, Philippines, Samoa and New Guinea, growing beside Matonia (another fern species).[5][10] Most of the species grow on rocks, exposed places, clearings and in thickets.[18]

Fossils

The genus has been found to have been widely distributed during the Jurassic period,[2] of the Mesozoic Era when much of the genus was widely distributed around Europe. Such fossils have been found in England, Germany, France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Bornholm (island), Greenland, and Poland.[10]

References

  1. ↑ F. O. Bower The Ferns (Filicales): Volume 2, The Eusporangiatae and Other ..., Volume 2, p. 315, at Google Books
  2. 1 2 R.D. Preton and H.W. Woolhouse Advances in Botanical Research, Volume 4, p. 310, at Google Books
  3. 1 2 Peter H. Hovenkamp A Monograph of the Fern Genus Pyrrosia: Polypodiaceae, p. 102, at Google Books
  4. 1 2 A. C. Seward Links with the Past in the Plant World, p. 93, at Google Books
  5. 1 2 3 A. C. Seward Fossil Plants: A Text-Book for Students of Botany and Geology, p. 298, at Google Books
  6. ↑ "FOC Vol. 2-3 Page 4, 116". efloras.org. Retrieved 1 September 2017.
  7. ↑ Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 194 (194–206): 487–513. doi:10.1098/rstb.1901.0011.
  8. ↑ "Taxon: Dipteris conjugata Reinw". npgsweb.ars-grin.gov. Retrieved 2 September 2017.
  9. ↑ Annals of Natural History, Volume 2, p. 215, at Google Books
  10. 1 2 3 Seward, A. C.; Dale, Elizabeth (1901). "On the Structure and Affinities of Dipteris, with Notes on the Geological History of the Dipteridinae". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. 68 (442–450): 373–374. doi:10.1098/rspl.1901.0061. S2CID 186208132.
  11. ↑ Indian Botanical Society, Memoirs, Issue 4, page 9, 1963
  12. ↑ D. Gledhill The Names of Plants, p. 319, at Google Books
  13. ↑ Nitta, Joel H.; Schuettpelz, Eric; Ramírez-Barahona, Santiago; Iwasaki, Wataru; et al. (2022). "An Open and Continuously Updated Fern Tree of Life". Frontiers in Plant Science. 13: 909768. doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.909768. PMC 9449725. PMID 36092417.
  14. ↑ "Tree viewer: interactive visualization of FTOL". FTOL v1.5.0 [GenBank release 256]. 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
  15. ↑ Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (June 2019). "Dipteris". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Vol. 8. Retrieved 2019-10-04.
  16. ↑ "Dipteris Reinw.", Plants of the World Online, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2019-10-04
  17. ↑ "Dipteris polyphyllus". Retrieved 6 September 2017.
  18. ↑ K.U. Kramer, Klaus Kubitzki, P.S. Green (Editors) Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms, p. 101, at Google Books

Other sources

  • Douglas Houghton Campbell, The Evolution of the Land Plants (Embryophyta), 1940
  • Anil Kumar, Botany for Degree Pteridophyta, 2006
  • Sir Arthur George Tansley, The New Phytologist, 1956
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