In computer science, a computation is said to diverge if it does not terminate or terminates in an exceptional state.[1]:377 Otherwise it is said to converge. In domains where computations are expected to be infinite, such as process calculi, a computation is said to diverge if it fails to be productive (i.e. to continue producing an action within a finite amount of time).

Definitions

Various subfields of computer science use varying, but mathematically precise, definitions of what it means for a computation to converge or diverge.

Rewriting

In abstract rewriting, an abstract rewriting system is called convergent if it is both confluent and terminating.[2]

The notation tn means that t reduces to normal form n in zero or more reductions, t↓ means t reduces to some normal form in zero or more reductions, and t↑ means t does not reduce to a normal form; the latter is impossible in a terminating rewriting system.

In the lambda calculus an expression is divergent if it has no normal form.[3]

Denotational semantics

In denotational semantics an object function f : AB can be modelled as a mathematical function where ⊥ (bottom) indicates that the object function or its argument diverges.

Concurrency theory

In the calculus of communicating sequential processes (CSP), divergence is a drastic situation where a process performs an endless series of hidden actions. For example, consider the following process, defined by CSP notation:

The traces of this process are defined as:

Now, consider the following process, which conceals the tick event of the Clock process:

By definition, P is called a divergent process.

See also

Notes

  1. C.A.R. Hoare (Oct 1969). "An Axiomatic Basis for Computer Programming" (PDF). Communications of the ACM. 12 (10): 576–583. doi:10.1145/363235.363259. S2CID 207726175.
  2. Baader & Nipkow 1998, p. 9.
  3. Pierce 2002, p. 65.

References


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