Edoardo Prettner Cippico (10 October 1905[1]–7 April 1983[2]) was an Italian Catholic priest and official in the Vatican Secret Archive who was imprisoned in 1948 on charges of financial crimes,[3][4] and later revealed to have spied for the Soviet Union.[5] The Cippico scandal embarrassed the Vatican and the Catholic Church in the buildup to the 1948 general election in which the leftist Popular Democratic Front presented a strong challenge to the Catholic-aligned Christian Democracy government.

Early life

Cippico was born Eduard Prettner in the Imperial Free City of Trieste, then part of the Austrian Littoral. He was raised bilingually by his Cippico mother, a Dalmatian Italian from Traù (now Trogir), and his German-speaking Prettner father.[4][6] His choice of career was motivated by material gain rather than a priestly vocation.[7] His father's brother was a senator and a friend of the bishops of Trento and of Trieste, who secured his place at the Pontifical Gregorian University.[6] Cippico was a polyglot and translated theological works from French into Italian.[6][4] In late 1932 he joined the Roman Curia as an archivist, first in the Pontifical Commission for Russia; some documents known to have been passed to the Soviets at this time were sent by either Cippico or his predecessor Alexander Deubner.[5] In 1937 he was made a supernumerary Papal Chamberlain.[8] Later, he was archivist in the Dicastery for the Eastern Churches and, from 1940, the Secretariat of State,[9][10] whereupon he was made a Prelate of Honour of His Holiness,[10] entitled to the style "monsignor".

Wartime career

Cippico's knowledge of Croatian caused Luigi Maglione to choose him to attend, with noncommittal cordiality, to Nikola Rusinović, envoy from the Independent State of Croatia.[11] Cippico and lawyer Antonio Milo di Villagrazia helped Pascalina Lehnert to prepare a 1943 contingency plan to spirit Pope Pius XII to Francoist Spain in the event that the German invasion of Italy threatened the Vatican City.[12] In 1944, Cippico frustrated Edvard Kocbek's mission to secure an audience with the pope on behalf of the Anti-Fascist Council for the National Liberation of Yugoslavia.[13] Cippico responded to later accusations of having spied for the Soviets not with denial but with reference to his wartime co-operation with the U.S. Office of Strategic Services.[10] He aided Italian Jews before and during the Holocaust in Italy: Luciano Morpurgo said he and other Jews sheltered in Cippico's apartment by the Leonine Wall,[14] and he stowed valuables for Jews fearing their confiscation.[10] Giorgio Volterra, who fled to Argentina in 1939, claimed Cippico had taken all his money to arrange passage.[15] Cippico had an affluent lifestyle, liked the company of women, and by 1947 owned a large apartment and three cars.[16]

1948 scandal

External image
image icon Cippico entering court handcuffed in 1949

According to Sergio Amidei, Cippico secretly funded Paulo William Tamburella's production of the 1946 film Shoeshine;[17] he also planned a biopic of Francis of Assisi.[18] In August 1947 an industrialist complained to the pope about the high interest charged on a loan from the Administration of the Property of the Holy See (ABSS).[16] An inquiry found that Cippico had forged the signatures of Secretariat of State officials and pocketed the excessive interest on the loan.[16] He was suspended from his office on 2 September 1947 and investigated further.[4] Documents from the Secretariat were missing, although they later turned up.[19] It was alleged that Cippico used his contacts in foreign Catholic institutions to enable rich Italians to bypass foreign exchange controls and send money abroad via the Institute for the Works of Religion (the IOR or "Vatican Bank"), and also that he siphoned off for himself some of the money from these transactions.[20] It was also alleged that he sold goods belonging to the church,[19] and stole US$100,000 worth of jewellery entrusted by Enrico Paolo Salem (son of Anna D'Angeri) the podestà of Trieste until its German occupation.[21][16][22] In early 1948 he was removed from office, arrested, and held in the Tower of the Winds.[4][23] On 28 January 1948, Giulio Guidetti resigned as secretary of the ABSS due to a similar fraud linked by some media to Cippico's;[16][24][25] he died soon after.[22] On 3 March, Cippico escaped from his loose confinement and fled the Vatican into Italian Rome.[19][4][23] He was suspended (or laicized; sources differ) by the Holy See after his escape, to enable the Italian civil authorities to charge him.[26][23]

The events were secret until a brief mention in the Vatican newspaper L'Osservatore Romano the morning before Cippico's escape, intended to pre-empt the story being broken by hostile leftwing media,[4] which soon dubbed Cippico "Monsignor Cagliostro" and suggested he was a scapegoat to hide deeper corruption.[3][4][27][20][21][28] L'Unità devoted its whole front page of 6 March to the affair.[21][29] Rightwingers responded by treating Cippico as a bad apple,[30] accusing him of spying for communist Yugoslavia,[19][31] and reviving allegations that Communists had stolen Mussolini's cache of gold (the Oro di Dongo) after his death in 1945.[32][33] By the time of the April election it was clear that "the wilder [conspiracy] theories were unfounded"[30] and most voters viewed the story with amusement rather than anger.[34] Primo Mazzolari's diary, published in 2016, gives a dispassionate contemporary account of the case.[35]

On 7 March, Cippico was charged with fraud and forgery amounting to about 1 billion lira (US$1.7 million).[36] He was arrested on 9 March 1948 in the Parioli house of a former Fascist general,[22][37] and remanded in Regina Coeli prison until March 1950.[38][39] Finally tried in November 1952, he was found guity on 11 counts in December and sentenced to nine years' imprisonment and a fine of 250,000 liras.[23][40][41][28][32] He was acquitted on 4 counts, including the jewellery theft,[32] and his four co-accused were acquitted on all counts, except for one fined 20,000 liras.[28] His actual sentence amounted to four years, with two years already on remand and three years remitted.[22] This was reduced to five years.[42] In 1953 the Italian Communist press responded to reports that Catholic clergy imprisoned in Eastern Europe were religious victims of trumped-up charges by calling them "Cippicos" justly punished for ordinary crimes.[30] In 1954 Cippico lodged an appeal,[22] and in 1956 the Court of Cassation overturned his conviction as unsafe given the postwar confusion during which the alleged crimes took place.[4][23] Cippico published pamphlets giving his version of the affair in 1950 and 1954.[18][43][44] He claimed to have been an unknowing go-between in the IOR transactions and that he had left the Tower of the Winds to celebrate his mother's name day.[45][38]

Later life

After the Cassation decision, Cippico petitioned the pope to have his laicization reversed.[45] In 1959, Pope John XXIII granted the request and restored Cippico as monsignor,[2] while preventing him from administering sacraments apart from saying Mass in private (sine populo).[23][27] A La Stampa article listed his various rumoured crimes, and his own response.[38] In 1961 he was afliliated with Pro Civitate Christiana.[46] In his 1962 book La Chiesa verso il 2000, Cippico supported what became the Second Vatican Council reforms and rapprochement with Warsaw Pact countries.[23][47] Around 1965 he was rumoured to have co-written works under a pen name.[42] He had an unpublicised leadership role in the Catholic Centre for Public Relations set up in 1964 by Alain Peyrefitte and the U.S. bishops' conference.[48][49] From 1973 Milo di Villagrazia funded a "research and information service" for Cippico in the Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne.[48][49] In the 1960s and 1970s he secretly passed to Warsaw Pact embassies information and copies of internal Holy See documents given by former colleagues, including reports by Corrado Bafile as Apostolic Nuncio in Bonn.[50]

From the 1970s Cippico had a relationship with Gertrude "Traudl" Lechner (née Parth), a divorced former prostitute from Laas, South Tyrol whose official role was as his housekeeper.[49] Cippico died at his home near Porta Angelica in Rome, of complications from diabetes.[42][49][2] He was buried in Trieste.[2] Lechner gave historian Hansjakob Stehle access to Cippico's archive, and in 2003 he published some of Bafile's reports (crediting "Waltraud" Lechner).[49][51]

Sources

  • Alvarez, David J. (2002). Spies in the Vatican: Espionage & Intrigue from Napoleon to the Holocaust. University Press of Kansas. doi:10.2307/j.ctt1bmzk5v. ISBN 978-0-7006-1214-7. JSTOR j.ctt1bmzk5v. Project MUSE book 46026.
  • Stehle, Hansjakob (2003). "Geheimes aus Bonn für Moskau vom Vatikan. Der vielseitige Agent Monsignore Edoardo Prettner Cippico und sein Nachlaß" (PDF). Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (in German). 51 (2): 263–283. JSTOR 30196698.

References

  1. ↑ "Cronaca contemporanea 26 febbraio–10 marzo 1948; I Santa Sede; 5 Lo scandalo Prettner Cippico". La Civiltà Cattolica (in Italian). I Anno 99 (2346): 656. 20 March 1948.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Frazier, Nancy (11 April 1983). "Priest Imprisoned at Vatican in 1948 Dies". Catholic News Service. p. 7. JSTOR community.32145769.
  3. 1 2 Domenico, Roy (10 September 2021). The Devil and the Dolce Vita: Catholic Attempts to Save Italy's Soul, 1948–1974. CUA Press. p. 85. ISBN 978-0-8132-3433-5. JSTOR j.ctv1z2hmtv.6. Project MUSE chapter 3045285.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 N. Aj. (27 March 1998). "Le truffe di don Cippico". La Repubblica (in Italian). Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  5. 1 2 Alvarez 2002 p. 310 n. 27
  6. 1 2 3 Stehle 2003 p. 263
  7. ↑ Stehle 2003 pp. 263–264
  8. ↑ "Diarium Romanae Curiae : Onorificenzi". Acta Apostolicae Sedis (in Italian). 4 series 2 (U): 500. 23 December 1937.
  9. ↑ Alvarez 2002 p. 151
  10. 1 2 3 4 Stehle 2003 p.264
  11. ↑ Falconi, Carlo (1970). The silence of Pius XII. London: Faber. p. 374. ISBN 978-0-571-09147-8.
  12. ↑ Marchione, Margherita (2002). Shepherd of Souls: A Pictorial Life of Pope Pius XII. Paulist Press. p. 96. ISBN 978-0-8091-4181-4.
  13. ↑ Ravel, Kodrič (June 2020). "L'Alto Adriatico: un'interfaccia di falde storiografiche? Alla ricognizione di osmosi ed impermeabilità". Qualestoria. Rivista di storia contemporanea (in Italian). Edizioni Università di Trieste. XLVIII (1): 194–195. doi:10.13137/0393-6082/30743. hdl:10077/30743. ISSN 0393-6082. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  14. ↑ Riccardi, Andrea (18 May 2012). "V: La scelta politica; Governare in un Vaticano sotto controllo". L'inverno più lungo: 1943-44: Pio XII, gli ebrei e i nazisti a Roma (in Italian). Gius.Laterza & Figli. ISBN 978-88-581-0371-5.
  15. ↑ Smolensky, Eleonora María; Jarach, Vera Vigevani (13 November 2020). "VI: El regreso al Italia". Tantas voces, una historia: Italianos judíos en la Argentina 1938–1948 (in Spanish). Eduvim. ISBN 978-987-699-498-9.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Vatican City: The Pope's Mail". Time. 22 March 1948. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  17. ↑ Faldini, Franca; Fofi, Goffredo (2009). L'avventurosa storia del cinema italiano (in Italian). Cineteca Bologna. p. 212. ISBN 978-88-95862-15-6.
  18. 1 2 Beccaria, Antonella; Marcucci, Gigi (9 October 2014). "Sotto il segno della politica". Italia. La fabbrica degli scandali (in Italian). Newton Compton. ISBN 978-88-541-7044-5.
  19. 1 2 3 4 "Vatican Asks Hunt for Fugitive Priest". The New York Times. 5 March 1948. p. 5. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  20. 1 2 Posner, Gerald (3 February 2015). God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican. Simon and Schuster. p. 594 n. 116. ISBN 978-1-4165-7657-0.
  21. 1 2 3 "Vatican Scores Reds over Theft Charges". The New York Times. 7 March 1948. p. 13. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 "Lo scandalo Cippico ritorna olla ribalta". L'Unità (in Italian). 4 April 1954. p. 7.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Stehle 2003 p.265
  24. ↑ Cianfarra, Camille M. (12 March 1948). "Vatican Official Resigns In Inquiry; Msgr. Guidetti Is Accused of Part in Financial Deals of Unfrocked Priest". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  25. ↑ "Nelle Truffe di Prettner Cippico : Confermala la complicità del Monsignore Guidelli" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). 17 September 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  26. ↑ Foreign Relations of the United States, 1948. Vol. III: Western Europe. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1974. p. 851 n. 4.
  27. 1 2 Bosazzi, Umberto (19 January 2021). "La storia di Monsignor Cippico, che evase dal Vaticano per finire a Regina Coeli". TeleQuattro (in Italian). Medianordest. Retrieved 3 January 2023.
  28. 1 2 3 Parca, Gabriella (21 December 1952). "Cippico condannato a 9 anni; Dove sono gli 800 milioni?" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). p. 6. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  29. ↑ "L'affare Cippico : Il Più' Grosso Scandalo Del Dopoguerra" (PDF). L'Unità. 6 March 1948. p. 1. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  30. 1 2 3 Mariuzzo, Andrea (17 July 2018). Communism and anti-Communism in early Cold War Italy: Language, symbols and myths. Manchester University Press. pp. 63–65. ISBN 978-1-5261-2189-9.
  31. ↑ "[ancillary to] Vatican Scores Reds over Theft Charges". The New York Times. AP. 7 March 1948. p. 13. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  32. 1 2 3 "Cronaca contemporanea 11–24 diciembre 1952; I Santa Sede; 5 A proposito del processo Cippico". La Civiltà Cattolica (in Italian). I Anno 104 (2461): 104–105. 3 January 1953.
  33. ↑ Pollard, John F. (6 January 2005). Money and the Rise of the Modern Papacy: Financing the Vatican, 1850-1950. Cambridge University Press. p. 206. ISBN 978-0-521-81204-7.
  34. ↑ Kent, Peter C. (21 May 2002). The Lonely Cold War of Pope Pius XII: The Roman Catholic Church and the Division of Europe, 1943-1950. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 288 n. 23. ISBN 978-0-7735-6994-2.
  35. ↑ Mazzolari, Primo (13 December 2016). "1948: 2 — La campagna elettorale". In Vecchio, Giorgio (ed.). Diario V: (25 aprile 1945 – 31 dicembre 1950). Don Primo Mazzolari (in Italian). Vol. 7. Edizioni Dehoniane Bologna. ISBN 978-88-10-96827-7.
  36. ↑ "Ex-Vatican Aide Accused". The New York Times. 8 March 1949. p. 2. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  37. ↑ "Ex-Priest Seized in Rome". The New York Times. 7 March 1948. p. 13. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  38. 1 2 3 Pucci, Filippo (11 December 1959). "Nelle mie mani, racconta Cippico, passarono due miliardi e mezzo di lire". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 5.
  39. ↑ "L'ex monsignore Edoardo Cippico rimesso in libertà dal Tribunale" (PDF). L'Unità (in Italian). 16 March 1950. p. 1. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  40. ↑ "Ex-Priest Gets 9-Year Term". The New York Times. 21 December 1952. p. 6. Retrieved 4 January 2023.
  41. ↑ "Sentenza 20 dicembre 1952; Pres. ed est. Straniero, P. M. Donato (concl. diff.); imp. Cippico ed altri". Il Foro Italiano. 76 (5): 88–90. 1953. JSTOR 23144558.
  42. 1 2 3 Rampoidi, Guido (10 April 1983). "Morto Cippico, il monsignor Cagliostro". La Stampa (in Italian). p. 6. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  43. ↑ Cippico, Edoardo Prettner (15 November 1950). "Il mio "scandalo"". Fauno Rosso (in Italian). Rome: Antonio Milo di Villagrazia. 1 (1).
  44. ↑ Cippico, Edoardo Prettner (1954). Il giudice ha sempre ragione (in Italian). La Linograf. OCLC 1203555716.
  45. 1 2 "L'ex mons. Cippico sl è rivolto al Papa". La Stampa (in Italian). 9 July 1956. p. 6. Retrieved 5 January 2023.
  46. ↑ Giovannoni, Pietro Domenico (10 May 2012). "La Pira e Firenza 'città sul monte'". In Canavero, Alfredo; Formigoni, Guido; Vecchio, Giorgio (eds.). Le sfide della pace: Istituzioni e movimenti intellettuali e politici tra Otto e Novecento (in Italian). LED Edizioni Universitarie. p. 223. ISBN 978-88-7916-562-4.
  47. ↑
  48. 1 2 Stehle 2003 p.267
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 Franceschini, Christoph (12 October 2021). "Vespa, notorische Schulden & Vatikan". Segretissimo, streng geheim!: Südtirol im Fadenkreuz fremder Mächte (in German). Edition Raetia. pp. 287–290. ISBN 978-88-7283-817-4.
  50. ↑ Stehle 2003 p.266
  51. ↑ Stehle 2003
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