Edward Bonaventure was an English ship under the command of Richard Chancellor that was forced to seek shelter in 1553 on the north coast of Russia near Nyonoksa due to weather conditions, leading to its crew coming into contact with the court of Ivan the Terrible, the forming of the Muscovy Company, and diplomatic contacts between Elizabeth I of England and Ivan of Russia.[1][2]

English trade with Russia

In 1553, Edward was one of a fleet of three ships under the command of Sir Hugh Willoughby, the other two ships were the command ship Bona Esperanza with Willoughby on it and the Bona Confidentia with its captain Cornelius Durforth.[1][3] The fleet was financed by London's Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands and it was organized by Sebastian Cabot with the purpose of finding the northeastern passage to the Far East and left London on 10 May 1553.[1][3] Richard Chancellor was the pilot for the voyage.[1][3] The opening of the northeastern passage from England to India was desired to avoid conflict with Spanish and Portuguese ships.[4] During a fierce storm, the Edward separated from the other ships and arrived at the Danish held Vardø which was the established rendezvous location in case of fleet separation but the other two ships did not arrive and thus Edward continued onward.[3] It landed near the mouth of the Dvina River not far from the convent of St. Nicholas and its crew were taken to meet the first Russian czar Ivan the Terrible (Ivan IV).[3] It remained for repairs during the winter near Nyonoksa, which produced salt for czar Ivan the Terrible, sailed on its return voyage to England in 1554 and robbed by Flemish pirates along the way.[1][3] Chancellor brought to England letters opening trade with Russia removing the Hanseatic League's previous monopoly on trade with Russia.[5][6]

At the end of May 1555, Edward sailed on a second mission from England to Russia financed by some former members of the Company of Merchant Adventurers to New Lands who now called themselves Merchant Adventurers for the Discovery of Lands, Countries, Isles, etc., Not Before Known or Frequented by any English also known as the Russia Company or Muscovy Company with Richard Chancellor in charge departing London also with the Philip and Mary which was to obtain fish oil at Vardø and then return to England.[1][3][6] Edward arrived in Russia with English agents who, along with Chancellor, were to meet with czar Ivan the Terrible to officially open diplomatic relations and trade with Russia which were achieved.[3] In 1555 before winter closed the shipping route, Edward returned to England joining Philip and Mary at Vardø leaving Richard Chancellor and the agents George Killingworths, Henry Lane and Arthur Edwards in Russia for the winter.[1][3]

In 1556, Edward sailed from England to Russia again with Philip and Mary and Richard Chancellor in charge with additional crew who were to sail the Speranza and the Confidentia back to England.[3] In 1556, Edward along with Philip and Mary left Russia and sailed for England with the first Russian Ambassador to England Osep Gregorovitch Napea, who had been the Governor of Vologda, Napea's wife, many Russians and the previously lost two ships Confidentia and Speranza which both had been found in 1555 anchored in the mouth of the Arzina River (Russian: Арзина река) east of the Pechenga Monastery with no one of the nearly seventy in the crews surviving the winter of 1553-4.[3] On 10 November 1556, Edward was wrecked off Rosehearty[4] on the east coast of Scottish coast.[7] Among the hundred who died was Richard Chancellor,[3] but Osep Gregorovitch Napea, the first Russian ambassador to England, survived as a widower.[8] The other three ships had wintered in Trondheim and attempted to return in 1557 but only the Philip and Mary made it to London in July 1557 with both the Speranza and the Confidentia lost at sea.

Further trade with Russia

In 1557 and subsequent to the voyages of Edward Bonventura and its sister ships, Anthony Jenkinson, who became the first English Ambassador to Russia in 1566, led a fleet of ships financed by the Muscovy Company to Nyonoksa, Russia, consisting of the Primrose on which he sailed, John the Evangelist, Anne, and Trinity.[9]

Dutch interests in trading with Russia began in the 1560s.[10]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Генри Лейн: Письмо г. Генри Лэйна к достопочтенному г. Уилльяму Сэндерсону с кратким изложением открытий на северо-востоке за 33 года (написано после 1583 г.)" [Henry Lane: Letter from Mr. Henry Lane to the Honorable Mr. William Sanderson, summarizing the discoveries in the Northeast in 33 years (written after 1583).]. Восточная литература: Средневековые исторические источники Востока и Запада (www.vostlit.info) (Vostochnaya Literatura: Medieval Historical Sources of East and West) website (in Russian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  2. ↑ Lubimenko, Inna, "The Correspondence of Queen Elizabeth with the Russian Czars", The American Historical Review, Vol. 19, No. 3 (April 1914), pp. 525-542.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Richard Chancellor Encyclopedia Arctica 15: Biographies". collections.dartmouth.edu. Archived from the original on 8 August 2017. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  4. 1 2 "Edward Bonaventura: Rosehearty, North Sea". Canmore. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  5. ↑ Willan, Thomas Stuart (1953). The Muscovy Merchants of 1555 (in German). Manchester University Press. ASIN B0000CIPGN.
  6. 1 2 Olson, James E. (30 September 1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire: K-Z. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 769. ISBN 978-0313293672.
  7. ↑ "The Wreck of the Edward Bonaventure". Must See Scotland. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021.
  8. ↑ "Aberdeenshire Council Historic Environment Record - Aberdeenshire - NJ96NW0073 - EDWARD BONAVENTURE". online.aberdeenshire.gov.uk. 2 August 2000. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  9. ↑ "Энтони Дженкинсон" [Anthony Jenkinson]. kolamap.ru website (in Russian). 2005. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011. Retrieved 18 February 2021.
  10. ↑ Ван Салинген, Симон (Van Salingen, Seemon) (1591). "Сообщение о Земле Лопий: Русские в Лапландии в XVI веке" [Message about Lapland: Russian in Lapland in the 16th century.]. kolamap.ru website (in Russian). Retrieved 18 February 2021. A Dutch letter about Russian interests in Lapland from 1562 to 1583. It includes Vardo's fortress Vardegus, the Pechenga Monastery, Malmus (aka Kola, Russia), and the St. Nicolas Monastery near the mouth of the Dvina River at what is now Arkhangelsk. Flemish pirates robbed the Edward Bonaventure in 1554 as Edward Bonaventure was returning from Nyonoksa, Russia.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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