X-ray of a turtle with egg binding.

Egg binding occurs in animals, such as reptiles or birds, when an egg takes longer than usual to pass out of the reproductive tract.[1]

In birds

In birds, egg binding may be caused by obesity, nutritional imbalances such as calcium deficiency, environmental stress such as temperature changes, or malformed eggs.[2]

The egg may be stuck near the cloaca, or further inside. Egg binding is a reasonably common, and potentially serious condition that can lead to infection or damage to internal tissue. The bound egg may be gently massaged out; failing this it may become necessary to break the egg in situ and remove it in parts. If broken, the oviduct should be cleaned of shell fragments and egg residue to avoid damage or infection.

In reptiles

In reptiles, it is inadvisable to attempt to break a reptile egg to remove it from an egg-bound female. This procedure may be done by a veterinarian, who will insert a needle into the egg, and withdraw the contents with a syringe, allowing the egg to collapse and be removed. Non-surgical interventions include administering oxytocin to improve contractions and allow the egg(s) to pass normally. In many cases, egg-bound reptiles must undergo surgery to have stuck eggs removed.

Egg binding in reptiles is quickly fatal if left untreated; therefore, gravid females who become very lethargic and cease feeding need immediate medical treatment in order to treat the potentially life-threatening condition.

Egg binding can occur if an egg is malformed and/or too large, the animal is weakened by illness, improper husbandry, stress, or if hormonal balances are wrong (producing weak contractions). Factors that can contribute to the risk of egg binding include calcium deficiency, breeding animals that are too young or too small, not providing suitable laying areas (leading to deliberate retention of eggs), and overfeeding of species in which clutch size is dependent on food intake, such as the veiled chameleon.

In the context of behavioral ecology, egg binding can be an important factor in limiting clutch size. Lizards that lay fewer, but larger eggs are at higher risk for egg binding, and so there is selection pressure towards a minimum clutch size. For example, in common side-blotched lizards, females that lay fewer than the average 4–5 eggs per clutch have significantly increased risk of egg binding.[3]

References

  1. ↑ Graham, Jennifer E. (2016). "Dystocia and egg binding". Blackwell's Five-Minute Veterinary Consult: Avian. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 98–100. ISBN 9781118934593.
  2. ↑ Stout, Jane D. (May 2016). "Common emergencies in pet birds". The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Exotic Animal Practice. 19 (2): 513–41. doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2016.01.002. PMID 26948267.
  3. ↑ Sinervo, Barry; Licht, Paul (31 May 1991). "Proximate constraints on the evolution of egg size, number, and total clutch mass in lizards". Science. 252 (5010): 1300–1302. doi:10.1126/science.252.5010.1300. PMID 17842955.
  4. ↑ "Animal Planet E-Vet: Interns Episode list. The Road Less Traveled". Archived from the original on 2007-09-17. Retrieved 2007-07-10.
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