Electricity consumption by region. By 2025, Asia is projected to account for half of the world’s electricity consumption, with one-third of global electricity to be consumed in China.[1]

Electric energy consumption is energy consumption in the form of electrical energy.[2] About a fifth of global energy is consumed as electricity: for residential, industrial, commercial, transportation and other purposes.[2] Quickly increasing this share by further electrification is extremely important to limit climate change,[3] because most other energy is consumed by burning fossil fuels thus emitting greenhouse gases which trap heat.[4]

The global electricity consumption in 2022 was 24,398 terawatt-hour (TWh), almost exactly three times the amount of consumption in 1981 (8,132 TWh).[5] China, the United States, India and Japan accounted for more than half of the global share of electricity consumption.[5]

Overview

Electric energy is most often measured either in joules (J), or in watt hours (W·h).[6]

1 W·s = 1 J
1 W·h = 3,600 W·s = 3,600 J
1 kWh = 3,600 kWs = 1,000 Wh = 3.6 million W·s = 3.6 million J

Electric and electronic devices consume electric energy to generate desired output (light, heat, motion, etc.). During operation, some part of the energy is lost depending on the electrical efficiency.[7]

Electricity has been generated in power stations since 1882.[8] The invention of the steam turbine in 1884 to drive the electric generator led to an increase in worldwide electricity consumption.[9]

In 2022, the total worldwide electricity production was nearly 29,000 TWh.[10] Total primary energy is converted into numerous forms, including, but not limited to, electricity, heat and motion.[11] Some primary energy is lost during the conversion to electricity, as seen in the United States, where a little more than 60% was lost in 2022.[11]

Electricity accounted for more than 20% of worldwide final energy consumption in 2022, with oil being less than 40%, coal being less than 9%, natural gas being less than 15%, biofuels and waste less than 10%, and other sources (such as heat, solar electricity, wind electricity and geothermal) being more than 5%.[12] The total final electricity consumption in 2022 was split unevenly between the following sectors: industry (42.2%), residential (26.8%), commercial and public services (21.1%), transport (1.8%), and other (8.1%; i.e., agriculture and fishing).[12] In 1981, the final electricity consumption continued to decrease in the industrial sector and increase in the residential, commercial and public services sectors.[12]

A sensitivity analysis on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network model for electric demand estimation shows that employment is the most critical factor influencing electrical consumption.[13] The study used six parameters as input data, employment, GDP, dwelling, population, heating degree day and cooling degree day, with electricity demand as output variable.[13]

World electricity consumption

The table lists 45 electricity-consuming countries, which used about 22,000 TWh. These countries comprise about 90% of the final consumption of 190+ countries. The final consumption to generate this electricity is provided for every country. The data is from 2022.[10][14]

In 2022, OECD's final electricity consumption was over 10,000 TWh.[5] In that year, the industrial sector consumed about 42.2% of the electricity, with the residential sector consuming nearly 26.8%, the commercial and public services sectors consuming about 21.1%, the transport sector consuming nearly 1.8%, and the other sectors (such as agriculture and fishing) consuming nearly 8.1%.[12] In recent decades, the consumption in the residential and commercial and public services sectors has grown, while the industry consumption has declined.[5] More recently, the transport sector has witnessed an increase in consumption with the growth in the electric vehicle market.[5]

Rank Country Final consumption
(TWh)		 Population
(millions)		 Per capita consumption
(MWh)
—WORLD24,3987,9603.07
1 China7,2141,4435
2 United States4,27233612.71
3 India1,4031,4011
4 Japan1,1321268.98
5 Russia9341466.4
6 Canada59538.115.62
7 South Korea55351.210.8
8 Brazil5502152.56
9 Germany53982.26.55
10 France46367.76.84
11 Saudi Arabia317368.81
12 United Kingdom31268.44.56
13 Italy300605
14 Mexico2961272.33
15 Iran28083.33.36
16 Turkey264843.14
17 Taiwan25723.8[15]10.8
18 Spain24646.85.26
19 South Africa233603.88
20 Australia225268.65
21 Vietnam2201002.2
22 Thailand203702.9
23 Malaysia17033.25.12
24 Egypt1681051.6
25 Poland15637.54.17
26 Ukraine15443.23.56
27 Sweden14710.214.4
28 Argentina138463
29 United Arab Emirates13610.213.33
30 Norway1285.523.27
31 Pakistan1242260.55
32 Netherlands12017.56.86
33 Belgium9811.88.33
34 Finland905.616.03
35 Chile8419.24.38
36 Kazakhstan7518.74
37 Austria739.18.02
38 Venezuela7228.12.56
39 Algeria66441.5
40  Switzerland629.36.67
41 Israel599.46.27
42 New Zealand4358.6
43 Denmark355.86.02
44 Ireland285.55.1
45 Iceland200.3655.6

Consumption per capita

The final consumption divided by the number of inhabitants provides a country's consumption per capita. In Western Europe, this is between 4 and 8 MWh/year.[10] (1 MWh = 1,000 kWh) In Scandinavia, the United States, Canada, Taiwan, South Korea, Australia, Japan and the United Kingdom, the per capita consumption is higher; however, in developing countries, it is much lower.[10] The world's average was about 3 MWh/year in 2022.[10] Very low consumption levels, such as those in Indonesia and the Philippines, not included in the table, indicate that many inhabitants are not connected to the electricity grid, and that is the reason why some of the world's most populous countries, incl. Nigeria and Bangladesh, do not appear in the table.[14]

Electricity generation and GDP

The table lists 30 countries, which represent about 76% of the world population, 84% of the world GDP, and 85% of the world electricity generation.[10][14][16][17] Productivity per electricity generation (concept similar to energy intensity) can be measured by dividing GDP over the electricity generated. The data is from 2019.[10][14][16][17]

Electricity Generation (2019) and GDP (PPP) (2019)
Country Population,
millions		 rank* GDP (PPP),
billions (USD)		 rank* GDP (PPP)
per capita		 rank* Electricity
generation
(GWh/yr)		 rank* GDP (PPP)
/kWh*
 China 1,4071$14,2802$10,149157,503,4281$1.9
 India 1,3662$2,8716$2,102261,603,6753$1.8
 USA 3283$21,4331$65,34514,411,1592$4.9
 Indonesia 270.64$1,11916$4,13520278,94217$4.0
 Brazil 2116$1,8789$8,90018626,3287$3.0
 Pakistan 216.65$27926$1,28828138,62624$2.0
 Bangladesh 1638$30225$1,8532789,67227$3.4
 Nigeria 2017$44822$2,2292533,552[18]28$13.4
 Russia 1449$1,68711$11,715141,118,1434$1.5
 Japan 12611$5,1493$40,86571,030,2865$5.0
 Mexico 127.610$1,26915$9,94516322,58413$3.9
 Philippines 10813$37723$3,49121106,04126$3.6
 Vietnam 96.515$26227$2,71524227,46121$1.2
 Ethiopia 11212$9629$8572914,553[19]29$6.6
 Egypt 100.414$30324$3,01823200,56322$1.5
 Germany 8318$3,8884$46,8434609,4068$6.4
 Turkey 83.517$76119$9,11417303,89815$2.5
 DR Congo 86.816$5030$576309,990[20]30$5.0
 Iran 8319$25828$3,10822318,69614$0.8
 Thailand 69.620$54421$7,81619186,50323$2.9
 France 67.321$2,7297$40,5508562,84210$4.8
 UK 66.822$2,8795$43,0996324,76112$8.9
 Italy 59.723$2,0098$33,6529293,85316$6.8
 South Korea 51.724$1,65112$31,93410585,3019$2.8
 Spain 47.125$1,39313$29,57511267,50119$5.2
 Canada 37.626$1,74210$46,3305648,6766$2.7
 Saudi Arabia 34.327$79318$23,12013343,66111$2.3
 Taiwan 23.6[15]28$605[21]20$25,63612274,05918$2.2
 Australia 25.429$1,39214$54,8032265,90120$5.2
 Netherlands 17.330$91017$52,6013121,06225$7.5
World7,683—$87,555—$11,395—27,044,191—$3.5
  • Population data is from the World Bank[14]
  • GDP data is from the World Bank[16]
  • Electricity data is from BP Global[17]
  • rank* of Population, GDP, and Electricity generation are rankings within this list
  • GDP (PPP) / kWh is the amount of GDP (PPP) (USD) produced per kilowatt-hour

Electricity consumption by sector

The table below lists the 15 countries with the highest final electricity consumption, which comprised more than 70% of the global consumption in 2022.[10]

Electricity Final Consumption by Sector (2022)
Country/ Geographical Region Total
(TWh)		 Industry Transport Commercial
/Public
Services		 Residential Agriculture

/Forestry

 other
 China 7,21459.9%2.4%7.3%16.4% 2.2%11.8%
 United States 4,27219.9%0.6%35.2%37.4% 2.1%4.8%
 India 1,40337.7%11.2%7.8%21.7% 15.9%5.7%
 Japan 1,13237%1.8%33.7%27.1% 0.3%0.1%
 Russia 93444.8%11.1%20.4%21.1% 2.5%0.1%
 Canada 59535.9%1.5%28.1%32.5% 2.0%0%
 South Korea 55352.3%0.6%31.4%12.7% 2.5%0.5%
 Brazil 55038.3%0.7%27.3%27.7% 6%0%
 Germany 53944.8%2.3%26.4%25.4% 1.1%0%
 France 46326.9%2.4%31.5%37% 1.9%0.3%
 Saudi Arabia 31733.7%3.9%28.3%25% 4.1%5%
 United Kingdom 31218.3%2.2%38.2%39.1% 2%0.2%
 Italy 30030%5%32%30% 1%2%
 Mexico 29629%4%33%30% 3%1%
 Iran 28024%6%37%25% 5%3%
World 24,398 42.2%1.8%21.1%26.8% 3.1%5%

Electricity outlook

Looking forward, increasing energy efficiency will result in less electricity needed for a given demand in power, but demand will increase strongly on the account of:[22]

  • Economic growth in developing countries,[22] and
  • Electrification of transport and heating. Combustion engines are replaced by electric drive and for heating less gas and oil, but more electricity is used, if possible with heat pumps.[22]

As transport and heating become more climate-friendly, the environmental effect of energy consumption will be more determined by electricity.[22]

The International Energy Agency expects revisions of subsidies for fossil fuels which amounted to $550 billion in 2013, more than four times renewable energy subsidies. In this scenario,[23] almost half of the increase in 2040 of electricity consumption is covered by more than 80% growth of renewable energy. Many new nuclear plants will be constructed, mainly to replace old ones. The nuclear part of electricity generation will increase from 11 to 12%. The renewable part goes up much more, from 21 to 33%. The IEA warns that in order to restrict global warming to 2 °C, carbon dioxide emissions[24] must not exceed 1000 gigaton (Gt) from 2014. This limit is reached in 2040 and emissions will not drop to zero ever.

The World Energy Council[25] sees world electricity consumption increasing to more than 40,000 TWh/a in 2040. The fossil part of generation depends on energy policy. It can stay around 70% in the so-called Jazz scenario where countries rather independently "improvise" but it can also decrease to around 40% in the Symphony scenario if countries work "orchestrated" for more climate friendly policy. Carbon dioxide emissions, 32 Gt/a in 2012, will increase to 46 Gt/a in Jazz but decrease to 26 Gt/a in Symphony. Accordingly, until 2040 the renewable part of generation will stay at about 20% in Jazz but increase to about 45% in Symphony.

An EU survey conducted on climate and energy consumption in 2022 found that 63% of people in the European Union want energy costs to be dependent on use, with the greatest consumers paying more. This is compared to 83% in China, 63% in the UK and 57% in the US.[26][27] 24% of Americans surveyed believing that people and businesses should do more to cut their own usage (compared to 20% in the UK, 19% in the EU, and 17% in China).[28][29]

Nearly half of those polled in the European Union (47%) and the United Kingdom (45%) want their government to focus on the development of renewable energies. This is compared to 37% in both the United States and China when asked to list their priorities on energy.[28][30][31]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Electricity Market Report 2023" (PDF). IEA.org. International Energy Agency. February 2023. p. 15. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 March 2023. Licensed CC BY 4.0.
  2. 1 2 "Electricity explained: Use of electricity - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Archived from the original on 2019-09-16. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  3. ↑ "Electrification – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  4. ↑ Ritchie, Hannah; Roser, Max; Rosado, Pablo (2022-10-27). "Energy". Our World in Data.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 "Electricity consumption – Electricity Information: Overview – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-22.
  6. ↑ "Energy Units". www.aps.org. Retrieved 2022-01-23.
  7. ↑ "Electricity – Sustainable Recovery – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  8. ↑ "Electricity Generation". Institute for Energy Research. Institute for Energy Research. 2 September 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2015.
  9. ↑ "Catalog of CHP Technologies: Section 4. Technology Characterization – Steam Turbines" (PDF). www.epa.gov. March 2015. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 "Data tables – Data & Statistics". IEA. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  11. 1 2 "More than 60% of energy used for electricity generation is lost in conversion - Today in Energy - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2022-02-10.
  12. 1 2 3 4 "Key World Energy Statistics 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  13. 1 2 Zahedi, Gholamreza; Azizi, Saeed; Bahadori, Alireza; Elkamel, Ali; R. Wan Alwi, Sharifah (2013). "Electricity demand estimation using an adaptive neuro-fuzzy network: A case study from the Ontario province – Canada". Energy. 49: 323–328. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2012.10.019.
  14. 1 2 3 4 5 "Population, total | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  15. 1 2 "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-01-25.
  16. 1 2 3 "GDP (current US$) | Data". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  17. 1 2 3 "Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | Home". bp global. Retrieved 2022-02-03.
  18. ↑ "Energy Profile: Nigeria" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  19. ↑ "Energy Profile: Ethiopia". International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Energy Profile: Democratic Republic of the Congo" (PDF). International Renewable Energy Agency. September 29, 2021. Retrieved February 2, 2022.
  21. ↑ "National Statistics, Republic of China (Taiwan)". eng.stat.gov.tw. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  22. 1 2 3 4 "World Energy Outlook 2021 – Analysis". IEA. Retrieved 2022-02-23.
  23. ↑ IEA World energy outlook
  24. ↑ by fossil fuel
  25. ↑ World energy scenarios
  26. ↑ "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  27. ↑ "Energy poverty". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  28. 1 2 "2022-2023 EIB Climate Survey, part 1 of 2: Majority of Europeans say the war in Ukraine and high energy prices should accelerate the green transition". EIB.org. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  29. ↑ "Energy efficiency directive". energy.ec.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  30. ↑ ""Fit for 55": Council agrees on higher targets for renewables and energy efficiency". www.consilium.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
  31. ↑ "Share of energy consumption from renewable sources in Europe". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2022-11-17.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.