Eliza Orme
Born(1848-12-25)25 December 1848
London, England
Died22 June 1937(1937-06-22) (aged 88)
Streatham, London, England
OccupationLawyer

Eliza Orme, also called Elizabeth Orme (25 December 1848 – 22 June 1937) was the first woman to earn a law degree in England, from University College London in 1888.[1][2]

Early life

Orme was born near Regent's Park in London, into a well-connected middle-class family. She was the seventh of eight children of Charles Orme (c.1807–1893) and Eliza (née Andrews) (1816–1892), daughter of Reverend Edward Andrews. Charles Orme was a distiller and Eliza Orme had been a governess to Elizabeth Barrett Browning.[2] Orme was the niece of Emily Augusta Patmore (née Andrews) (1824–1862) who published under the name Mrs. Motherly and was the first wife and lifelong influence of poet and essayist Coventry Patmore.[3][4] Orne's sister Emily Rosaline Orme would go on to become a noted campaigner for women's suffrage in Scotland.[5]

Her parents often invited over academics and artists such as Thomas Carlyle and John Stuart Mill, and were supportive of women's education. Orme attended the Bedford College for Women and, when University College London allowed both men and women to attend lectures in 1871, became a student there. Her teachers included John Elliot Cairnes (1823–1875), W. Leonard Courtney (1850–1928), and W. A. Hunter (1844–1898).[2] She received awards and scholarships in Political Economy, Jurisprudence, and Roman Law, but was unable to graduate as the University of London, which included University College London, did not allow women to receive degrees.[6]

In 1874, she wrote two notes for The Examiner on the subject of degrees for women at the University of London, arguing in favour of women's education. Four years later, the university reversed its policy and permitted women to receive degrees and in 1878, she passed the first two exams for the Bachelor of Laws with honours. She received her LLB degree from the University of London in 1888.[6]

Career

Although Orme did not receive her degree until 1888, she began working in legal practice in 1872 when Helen Taylor paid her fee to become a pupil at Lincoln's Inn. Orme took the advice of John Stuart Mill and Leonard Courtney and began working in the chambers of a barrister, John Savill Vaizey, in 1873.[2][6]

However, her aspiration to be recognised as a "conveyancer under the bar" was blocked. Before the passing of the Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act 1919, women were not permitted to qualify as a barrister or a solicitor in England.[2] Instead, she established an office on Chancery Lane in 1875 with a friend Mary Richardson, and worked as a "devil", drafting documents for conveyancing counsel and patent agents. From the mid-1880s, she worked with Reina Emily Lawrence, continuing to work on legal matters until about 1904.[2]

Her office prepared the paperwork for wills, mortgages and property transactions. Patent agency and probate settlements could be undertaken by non-solicitors as they were unregulated.[7] In 1903 Orme was interviewed by the Law Journal, and recounted ‘I “devilled” for about a dozen conveyancing counsel who kept me busily employed on drafts they wanted done in a hurry, and for twenty-five years I found it both an interesting and profitable employment’.[7]

In 1893, Orme was invited to send papers to the Congress on Jurisprudence and Law Reform as part of the World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, which was the first time women were invited to join a formal legal congress. Her paper, The Legal Status of Women in England, was read on her behalf by Mary A. Ahrens.[6]

Politics

Orme was influenced by J. S. Mill, W. A. Hunter, John Elliott Cairnes and Leonard Courtney, all supporters of ''laissez-faire'' and Benthamite reform.[8] She too became active in Liberal Party politics and as a feminist. She was involved with the National Society for Women's Suffrage and the Society for the Promotion of the Employment of Women, and assisted the Royal Commission on labour in 1892.

She was a founding member of the Women's Liberal Federation in 1887 and edited the Women's Gazette and Weekly News between 1889 and 1891.[2] She left in 1892 to join its rival, the Women's National Liberal Federation.[9] She wrote a biography of its founder Lady Fry of Darlington (1898).[2]

Orme was well-connected in the political sphere. She met the late nineteenth century English novelist George Gissing in November 1894, and American suffragist Susan B. Anthony in 1883. She was considered by Beatrice and Sidney Webb to be as politically important as Millicent Garrett Fawcett, and was believed to have inspired the character of Vivie Warren in George Bernard Shaw's Mrs Warren's Profession.

In 1902, she wrote the entry for the Dictionary of National Biography for Samuel Plimsoll.[10]

Personal life

She lived for most of her life with her parents in London until their deaths in the 1890s, and then with her sister Beatrice at Tulse Hill. She died in Streatham from heart failure.[2] Her colleague Reina Lawrence was the executor and residuary beneficiary of Orme's will when she died in 1937. They may have had an intimate relationship, referred to as a “Boston marriage”.[11]

Orme was known to correspond with other female lawyers in the United States, as part of the Equity Club.[6]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Eliza Orme | First 100 Years". first100years.org.uk. 7 August 2015. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Howsam, Leslie (2004). "Elizabeth Orme". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/37825. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. ↑ Gissing, George (23 February 1998). The Odd Women. Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-111-7.
  4. ↑ "Patmore, Coventry Kersey Deighton (1823–1896), poet and essayist". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/21550. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 17 April 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  5. ↑ Smith, G. G. (2004). "Masson, David Mather (1822–1907), biographer, literary scholar, and editor". In Cooney, Sondra Miley (ed.). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/34924. ISBN 978-0-19-861412-8. Retrieved 18 April 2021. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 "Introduction: The First Women Lawyers", The First Women Lawyers : A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions, Hart Publishing, 2006, doi:10.5040/9781472563699.0005, ISBN 978-1-84113-590-8, retrieved 16 April 2021
  7. 1 2 "Eliza Orme | Inner Temple". 4 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2020.
  8. ↑ Howsam, Leslie (1989). ""Sound-Minded Women": Eliza Orme and the study and practice of law in Late-Victorian England". Atlantis. 15 (1): 45–55.
  9. ↑ Coustillas, Pierre ed. The Letters of George Gissing, vol.1, p.xii.
  10. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 10 August 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  11. ↑ Mossm, Mary Jane (2016). "Precedents, Patterns and Puzzles: Feminist Reflections on the First Women Lawyers". Laws. 5 (4): 39. doi:10.3390/laws5040039.
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