Esociformes
Temporal range:
Northern pike (Esox lucius)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Superorder: Protacanthopterygii
Order: Esociformes
Bleeker, 1859
Type species
Esox lucius
Families
Synonyms
  • Esocoidei
    Bleeker, 1859
  • Haplomi
  • Esocae
  • Umbriformes
    Günther, 1866

The Esociformes (/ˈiːsɒsɪfɔːrmiːz/) is a small order of freshwater ray-finned fish, with two families, Umbridae and Esocidae.[1] The pikes of genus Esox give the order its name.

This order is closely related to the Salmoniformes, the two comprising the superorder Protacanthopterygii, and are often included in their order. The esociform fishes first appeared in the mid-Cretaceous — early products of the Euteleostei radiation of that time. They diverged from their sister group Salmoniformes about 110 million years ago, with the extant species having evolved from a common ancestor that lived about 90 million years ago.[2] Today, they are found in weed-choked freshwater habitats in North America and northern Eurasia.

Esocidae

The three extant esocid genera (Esox, Novumbra, and Dallia) together comprise a holarctic distribution. Two additional genera have been described from fossils dating to the Cretaceous of North America.[3]

Umbridae

Umbra remains the only extant species in this family, and can be found in eastern North America and Europe. Three additional genera have been described from fossils dating from the Paleocene of Europe; however, genetic studies on the extant species of Umbra have recovered a split between the North American and European species dating to the Late Cretaceous and earliest half of the Paleogene.[4]

Relationships

While the family Esocidae traditionally only contained the genus Esox, recent genetic and paleontological research have recovered Novumbra and Dallia as members of the family Esocidae, being closer related to Esox than Umbra. Umbra is the only remaining extant species in Umbridae.[4] Various fossils have been described as members of Esociformes and are placed on the following tree accordingly.

 Esociformes 
 Esocidae 

Esox

Novumbra

Dallia

†Oldmanesox

†Estesesox

 Umbridae 

†Boltyshia

†Palaeoesox

†Proumbra

Umbra

References

  1. ↑ Fishes of Arkansas
  2. ↑ The rise and fall of the ancient northern pike master sex-determining gene
  3. ↑ Wilson, M.; Brinkman, D.; Neuman, A. (1992). "Cretaceous Esocoidei (Teleostei): early radiation of the pikes in North American fresh waters". Journal of Paleontology. 66 (5): 839–846. doi:10.1017/S0022336000020849. S2CID 132270276.
  4. 1 2 Marić, Saša; Stanković, David; Wanzenböck, Josef; Šanda, Radek; Erős, Tibor; Takács, Péter; Specziár, András; Sekulić, Nenad; Bănăduc, Doru; Ćaleta, Marko; Trombitsky, Ilya (May 2017). "Phylogeography and population genetics of the European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) with a time-calibrated phylogeny for the family Umbridae". Hydrobiologia. 792 (1): 151–168. doi:10.1007/s10750-016-3051-9. ISSN 0018-8158. S2CID 254550945.
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