Explorer 19
Cutaway diagram of Explorer 19
NamesAD-A
Air Density experiment-A
Mission typeAir density
OperatorNASA
COSPAR ID1963-053A
SATCAT no.00714
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftExplorer XIX
Spacecraft typeAir Density Explorer
BusAD-A
ManufacturerLangley Research Center
Launch mass7.7 kg (17 lb)
Dimensions3.66 m (12.0 ft) diameter
PowerSolar cells and
Rechargeable batteries
Start of mission
Launch date19 December 1963,
18:49:25 GMT
RocketScout X-4 (S-122R)
Launch siteVandenberg, PALC-D
ContractorVought
Entered service19 December 1963
End of mission
Decay date10 May 1981
Orbital parameters
Reference systemGeocentric orbit
RegimeLow Earth orbit
Perigee altitude590 km (370 mi)
Apogee altitude2,394 km (1,488 mi)
Inclination78.6°
Period115.9 minutes
Instruments
Satellite Drag Atmospheric Density
Explorer program
 

Explorer 19, (Air Density experiment A, or AD-A), was a NASA satellite launched on 19 December 1963, as part of the Explorer program. It was the third of six identical Explorer satellites launched to study air density and composition, and the second to reach orbit.[1] It was identical to Explorer 9.[2]

Spacecraft

Explorer 19 was launched while Explorer 9, the first satellite in the series, was still active, so that densities in two different portions of the atmosphere were sampled simultaneously. The spacecraft consisted of alternating layers of aluminium foil and Mylar polyester film. Uniformly distributed over the aluminum surface were 5.1 cm (2.0 in) diameter dots of white paint for thermal control. The sphere was packed in a tube 21.6 cm (8.5 in) in diameter and 48.3 cm (19.0 in) long and mounted in the nose of the fourth stage of the launch vehicle. Upon separation of the fourth stage, the sphere was inflated by a nitrogen gas bottle, and a separation spring ejected it out into its own orbit. The two hemispheres of aluminum foil were separated with a gap of Mylar at the spacecraft's equator and served as the antenna. A 136.620 MHz, 15 mW beacon was carried for tracking purposes. The spacecraft was successfully orbited, but its apogee was lower than planned. The beacon did not have sufficient power to be received by ground tracking stations, making it necessary to rely solely on the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network for tracking.[3]

Experiments

Nonsystematic Changes of Air Density

This experiment was designed to determine nonsystematic changes of upper atmospheric density by conducting studies of the drag on a 3.6 m (12 ft) diameter, low-density sphere caused by short-term variations in solar activity. Density values near perigee were deduced from sequential observations of the spacecraft position using optical (Baker-Nunn camera network) and radio/radar tracking techniques.[4]

Systematic Changes of Air Density

The objective of this experiment was to determine atmospheric density as a function of altitude, latitude, and time by measuring atmospheric drag on a low mass-to-area ratio (0.7680 kg per m2) spherical satellite. The orbit was Sun-synchronized so that near-polar densities would always be obtained along noon and midnight meridians.[5]

Launch

Scout X-4 S122 rocket launch from Vandenberg AFB, 19 December 1963, carrying Explorer 19

Explorer 19 was launched from Launch Area 3 at the Wallops Flight Facility (WFF), atop a Scout X-4 launch vehicle with the serial number S-122R. It was the second spacecraft launched from Wallops Island to achieve orbit.. The launch occurred at 18:49:25 GMT on 19 December 1963, and resulted in Explorer 19 being deployed into an orbit with an apogee of 2,394 km (1,488 mi), a perigee of 590 km (370 mi), 78.6° of inclination and a period of 115.9 minutes.[6] Upon separation of the fourth stage, the sphere was inflated by a nitrogen gas bottle, and a separation spring ejected it out into its own orbit. The two hemispheres of aluminium foil were separated with a gap of Mylar at the spacecraft's equator and served as the antenna. A 136.620 MHz, 15 mW beacon was carried for tracking purposes, but the beacon failed on the first orbit and the SAO Baker-Nunn camera network had to be relied upon for tracking. Power was supplied by solar cells and rechargeable batteries.[3]

Explorer 19's launch vehicle placed it into a slightly lower than planned orbit.[2]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Smith, Woody. "Explorer Spacecraft Series". NASA History Division. Retrieved 10 January 2016. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  2. 1 2 "AD-A, -B, -C / Explorer S-56, 9, 19, 24, 39". Gunter's Space Page. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 7 November 2021.
  3. 1 2 "Explorer 19 (AD-A) 1963-053A". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  4. ↑ "Experiment: Nonsystematic Changes of Air Density". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ "Experiment: Nonsystematic Changes of Air Density". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2021. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  6. ↑ McDowell, Jonathan. "Satellite Catalog". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 17 June 2010.
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