Eye-gouging is a serious offence in rugby union where a player uses hands or fingers to inflict pain in an opponent's eyes. The game's laws refer to it as "contact with eyes or the eye area of an opponent" but such incidents are usually referred to as "eye-gouging" among players and in the media.[1]

Definition

The laws of rugby union, as written by World Rugby, define foul play as: "Anything a player does within the playing enclosure that is against the letter and spirit of the Laws of the Game. It includes obstruction, unfair play, repeated infringements, dangerous play and misconduct which is prejudicial to the Game".[2] Specifically, they state that "A player must not do anything that is dangerous to the opponent".[3]

WR Regulations provide for punishment for contact with eyes or the eye area of an opponent.[4]

Although this is usually called "eye-gouging" by the media, fans and players, the term "gouging" is not used in World Rugby's laws or regulations, which do list degrees of gravity of the offence. World Rugby themselves have used the term in a 2009 statement, when the body was known as the International Rugby Board (IRB): "The IRB are firmly of the view there is no place in rugby for illegal or foul play and the act of eye-gouging is particularly heinous".[5]

Scales of the offence

Following two separate high-profile test match incidents, involving Schalk Burger and Sergio Parisse, during the same week in June 2009, the IRB stated that it would review the sanction structure for this type of offence "in order to send out the strongest possible message that such acts will not be tolerated".[5]

The regulations provide a scale of seriousness.[4] As of the most recent revision to the regulations in 2016, separate scales are provided for "contact with the eyes" and "contact with the eye area", where the "eyes" are defined as all tissues within and covering the orbital cavity, including eyelids, and "eye area" covers areas outside the orbital cavity but in close proximity to the eye.[6]

Contact with the eyes
  • Lower end: up to 12-week ban.
  • Mid range: up to 18-week ban.
  • Top end: greater than 24-week ban.
Contact with the eye area
  • Lower end: up to 4-week ban.
  • Mid range: up to 8-week ban.
  • Top end: greater than 12-week ban.

The maximum sanction for either is a 156-week (3 year) ban.

In sevens, bans are officially expressed in numbers of matches instead of weeks, reflecting the schedule of the Sevens World Series for men and women, as well as other major events for sevens teams.

History

In the early days of rugby, eye gouging was commonplace and happened mainly in the scrum due to a lack of control by referees and the opportunity the scrum offered for players to commit foul play due to the way the scrum is formed.[7] The rising amount of foul play involving eye gouging eventually lead to the founding of the Rugby Football Union to control rugby and to reduce the amount of foul play.[7] Eye-gouging then began to disappear from the early game as the laws of rugby became stricter due to English public school students starting to play rugby.[8] After then foul play including eye-gouging became largely unspoken of and rugby authorities often ignored complaints of eye-gouging. This was due to authorities expecting players to deal with it themselves as it was claimed to be part of the nature of the game and was often viewed as a joke.[9] In 1992, Richard Loe made contact with Greg Cooper's eyes while playing in the National Provincial Championship and was banned for nine months after a nine-hour deliberation by the New Zealand Rugby Union's judicial committee.[10] This was viewed by observers as a turning point in attitudes towards eye-gouging and punishments for eye-gouging became stricter.[9] According to John Daniell, a New Zealand lock who played for nearly a decade in France, eye gouging is fairly common and considered "a way of life" in French rugby, where it is known as "la fourchette".[11]

Sanctions for eye-gouging have been subject to debate by journalists and commentators, depending on interpretation by presiding disciplinary officers.[12] Punishments in the Northern Hemisphere are seen by some journalists as being harsher than those for similar offenses seen in Southern Hemisphere countries.[13] South African national coach, Peter de Villiers stated he did not believe that an eye-gouging incident for which Schalk Burger was yellow carded merited any punishment.[14]

Examples

Clarence Harding after a severe eye gouge

As well as many cases involving professional rugby union, the case of Clarence Harding, an amateur player, has received considerable coverage due to the extreme damage caused to his eye.[15][16] Harding was left without sight in his right eye and can no longer play rugby, and the injury has affected his livelihood and has since had the eye removed due to the pain.[17] Matt Iles, the player alleged to have injured Harding, was found not guilty by the RFU as they could not determine which player was responsible.[18] However, Maidstone RFC were fined £2,000 and deducted 50 points after being found "guilty of conduct prejudicial to the interests of the game".[19] The incident was also investigated by Kent Police but no criminal charges were brought against Maidstone or Iles due to insufficient evidence.[20]

On 2 October 2010, Gavin Quinnell suffered an eye injury during a game between Llanelli and Cross Keys, from which he lost the sight in his left eye.[21] The incident was under investigation by the Welsh Rugby Union and Gwent Police, with the police arresting the perpetrator. However, the Crown Prosecution Service advised against prosecution, leading to the dropping of criminal charges, and the WRU eventually dropped its citing complaint, to the self-described shock of the Quinnell family, one of the most prominent in Welsh rugby.[22]

An incident in the Rugby World Cup final on 23 October 2011 led the IRB to reevaluate its disciplinary procedures. France centre Aurélien Rougerie apparently made contact with the eyes of New Zealand captain Richie McCaw, who would later state that he had been "half-blinded" for the last few minutes of the match.[23] The original camera angles provided by host broadcaster Sky NZ showed no apparent foul play, and Rougerie was not cited within the 36-hour window allowed by IRB rules at the time. Three days after the match, new Sky NZ footage emerged which showed Rougerie apparently raking his hand across McCaw's eyes. The IRB could not cite Rougerie outside the 36-hour window, and the exception allowed in its rules for "exceptional circumstances" did not include the emergence of new evidence. In December 2011 the IRB announced that it would reconsider its procedures to address similar situations in the future.[24]

High-profile cases

This is a list of cases where eye-gouging has been reported to have happened in top national league, European Cup or international level rugby union matches. It is shown in chronological order; international matches are highlighted. Players banned for contact with eyes or the eye area of an opponent as well as eye-gouging are included.

Offence date Offender Victim Length of ban
(weeks)		 Playing
For Against
1992New Zealand Richard Loe[25]New Zealand Greg Cooper[25] 26WaikatoOtago
1997New Zealand Troy Flavell[25]New Zealand Steve Sinkinson[25] 3North HarbourWellington
1999-11-26France Richard Nones[26]Wales Sven Cronk[26] 104ColomiersPontypridd
2003-08-02South Africa Bakkies Botha[27]Australia Brendan Cannon[27]8 South Africa Australia
2003-10-26Argentina Roberto Grau[28]Ireland Keith Wood[28]9 Argentina Ireland
2003-10-26Argentina Mauricio Reggiardo[28]Ireland Reggie Corrigan[28]6 Argentina Ireland
2007-01-20France Daniel Larrechea[29]Not available6Sale SharksOspreys
2007-04-20England Dylan Hartley[30]England James Haskell and Ireland Johnny O'Connor[31] 26Northampton SaintsLondon Wasps
2008-02-23Italy Mauro Bergamasco[32]Wales Lee Byrne[32] 13 Italy Wales
2008-03-15Fiji Seru Rabeni[33]England Andi Kyriacou[33] 14Leicester TigersSaracens
2008-07-12South Africa Bismarck du Plessis[34]New Zealand Adam Thomson[34]3 South Africa New Zealand
2008-09-20Ireland Neil Best[35]England James Haskell[35] 18Northampton SaintsLondon Wasps
2008-10-18Romania Marius Țincu[36]Wales Paul James[36]18PerpignanOspreys
2009-01-24England Martin Corry[37]Wales Richard Hibbard[37]6Leicester TigersOspreys
2009-04-18France Olivier Azam[38]Wales Jamie Roberts[38]9GloucesterCardiff Blues
2009-05-02Ireland Alan Quinlan[39]Ireland Leo Cullen[30] 12MunsterLeinster
2009-06-26Italy Sergio Parisse[40]New Zealand Isaac Ross[40]8 Italy New Zealand
2009-06-27South Africa Schalk Burger[41]Ireland Luke Fitzgerald[30] 8 South AfricaBritish and Irish Lions
2009-10-09Ireland Shane Jennings[42]England Nick Kennedy 12LeinsterLondon Irish
2009-12-12France Julien Dupuy[43]Ireland Stephen Ferris[43]24Stade FrançaisUlster
2009-12-12France David Attoub[44]Ireland Stephen Ferris[44]70Stade FrançaisUlster
2010-08-28Argentina Juan Manuel Leguizamón[45]France Jean Bouilhou[45]12Stade FrançaisToulouse
2010-12-19Wales Richie Rees[46]England Dylan Hartley[46]12Cardiff BluesNorthampton Saints
2011-04-02England Mark Cueto[47]England Christian Day[47]9a Sale SharksNorthampton Saints
2011-10-02Italy Leonardo Ghiraldini[48]Ireland Cian Healy[48]15 Italy Ireland
2014-01-25New Zealand Sam Dickson[49]Fiji Not available[49]8b New Zealand Sevens Fiji Sevens
2014-08-01South Africa Mandisa Williams[50]Australia Alisha Hewett[50]16 South Africa Women Australia Women
2014-11-22Canada Ray Barkwill[51]Romania Not available[51]9 Canada Romania
2015-09-20Argentina Mariano Galarza[52]New Zealand Brodie Retallick[52]9 Argentina New Zealand
2016-01-09Fiji Josaia Raisuqe[53]South Africa CJ Stander[53]15 Stade FrançaisMunster
2016-01-16England Chris Ashton[54]Ireland Luke Marshall[54]10 SaracensUlster
2016-03-12Wales Tomas Francis[55]England Dan Cole[55]8  Wales England
2016-12-10South Africa George Earle[56]England Tom Ellis[56]8Cardiff BluesBath
2017-09-30England Kyle Sinckler[57]England Michael Paterson[57]7HarlequinsNorthampton Saints
2017-10-14South Africa Francois Louw[58]Italy Marco Fuser[58]3BathBenetton Treviso
2017-10-14France Terry Bouhraoua[59]Russia Valery Tsnobiladze[59]4Stade FrançaisKrasny Yar

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Note a: Prior to the announcement of the RFU's nine-week ban on 11 April 2011, Cueto had received a six-week ban from his club. The bans ultimately ran concurrently.
  2. ^ Note b: Dickson's ban was officially announced as nine matches; the NZRU chose not to appeal. This covered the final of the 2014 USA Sevens and the entirety of the 2014 Wellington Sevens; he will be available for the 2014 Japan Sevens.

References

  1. ↑ Souster, Mark (11 January 2010). "Eye gouging: war is declared on rugby's 'ultimate sin'". The Times (London).
  2. ↑ "Laws of the Game Rugby Union 2010, Law 10 Definitions". International Rugby Board (now World Rugby). Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2012.
  3. ↑ "Laws of the Game Rugby Union 2010, Law 10.4". International Rugby Board. Archived from the original on 25 July 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  4. 1 2 "REGULATION 17. ILLEGAL AND/OR FOUL PLAY AND MISCONDUCT" (PDF). International Rugby Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 June 2012. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  5. 1 2 Baldock, Andrew (2 July 2009). "IRB review signals intent to get tough on gouging". The Scotsman.
  6. ↑ "Appendix 1: World Rugby Sanctions for Foul Play (Regulation 17)". World Rugby Handbook. World Rugby. 22 April 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  7. 1 2 Dunning, Eric (1996). The Sports Process: A Comparative and Developmental Approach. Human Kinetics. p. 54. ISBN 0880116242.
  8. ↑ Macintosh, Iain (2012). Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Rugby But Were too Afraid to Ask. A&C Black. p. 12. ISBN 1408174367.
  9. 1 2 Harris, David (2008). "6.2". A discourse analysis of institutionalised logic in the field of New Zealand rugby 1985 and 2005 (Ph.D). Massey University.
  10. ↑ Bale, Steve (9 October 1992). "Loe banned for gouging". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  11. ↑ Gallagher, Brendan (5 March 2009). "Eye-gouging just a way of life in French rugby". Telegraph. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  12. ↑ Bills, Peter (19 April 2011). "Varying punishments for eye-gouging are baffling". The Independent. London. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  13. ↑ Rees, Paul (4 May 2009). "Alan Quinlan fights gouging citation with Lions tour on the line". The Guardian. London.
  14. ↑ Austin, Simon (27 June 2009). "Burger 'gouge' angers Fitzgerald". BBC News.
  15. ↑ "Blind eyes must not be turned". Planet Rugby. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.
  16. ↑ Eykyn, Alastair (6 May 2010). "Player blinded in one eye after gouge speaks out". BBC News. Retrieved 11 May 2010.
  17. ↑ "Maidstone RFC 'tarnished' by RFU eye gouging ruling". BBC.co.uk. 10 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  18. ↑ "Disappointment as Kent rugby player cleared of gouging". BBC.co.uk. 24 November 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2010.
  19. ↑ "Maidstone RFC fined over eye gouging". BBC.co.uk. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 13 January 2011.
  20. ↑ "Kent club Maidstone RFC charged over eye gouging". BBC News. 15 December 2010.
  21. ↑ "Gavin Quinnell loses sight in his left eye". BBC.co.uk. 7 October 2010. Retrieved 11 October 2010.
  22. ↑ "Quinnell family's shock over sight loss ruling". BBC Sport. 4 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2011.
  23. ↑ "McCaw breaks eye-gouge silence". ESPN Scrum. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  24. ↑ "IRB ponder disciplinary overhaul". ESPN Scrum. 8 November 2011. Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  25. 1 2 3 4 Paul, Gregor (16 April 2006). "Infamous acts of rugby violence". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  26. 1 2 "Nones' Colomiers teammates air their support". ESPN Scrum. 11 December 1999. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  27. 1 2 "Springbok pair banned". BBC News. 3 August 2003.
  28. 1 2 3 4 Walsh, David (28 December 2008). "Return of the gouge". The Times. London.
  29. ↑ "Larrechea suspended for six weeks". BBC Sport. 8 February 2007. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  30. 1 2 3 Mairs, Gavin (28 June 2009). "Lions 2009: Eye-gouging still blights the game despite hefty suspensions". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  31. ↑ "Dylan Hartley's wind-up fear". London Evening Standard. 12 June 2009. Archived from the original on 6 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  32. 1 2 "Bergamasco sorry for Byrne gouge". BBC Sport. 1 March 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  33. 1 2 "Rabeni loses eye-gouging appeal". BBC Sport. 10 April 2008. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  34. 1 2 "Du Plessis hit by three-week ban". BBC Sport. 13 July 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  35. 1 2 Henderson, Mark (1 October 2008). "Neil Best banned for 18 weeks after 'eye-gouging' James Haskell". timesonline.co.uk. London.
  36. 1 2 Rees, Paul (29 January 2009). "Tincu a suitable case to be rugby's version of Bosman". Guardian.co.uk. London. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  37. 1 2 "Corry handed six-week suspension". BBC Sport. 13 February 2009. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
  38. 1 2 "Azam guilty of eye 'gouging'". Telegraph.co.uk. 8 May 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  39. ↑ Cleary, Mick (13 May 2009). "Alan Quinlan to miss Lions tour after 12-week ban for eye gouging". Telegraph.co.uk. London. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  40. 1 2 "Italy captain suspended for eye gouging". Stuff.co.nz. 28 June 2009. Retrieved 29 June 2009.
  41. ↑ "Burger: I'm not a thug". sport24.co.za. 2 July 2009. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012.
  42. ↑ "Jennings handed 12-week eye ban". BBC. 14 October 2009. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  43. 1 2 Rees, Paul (18 December 2009). "Julien Dupuy gets six-month ban for eye-gouging". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 21 November 2010.
  44. 1 2 "Stade Francais prop David Attoub banned for 70 weeks". BBC Sport. 19 January 2010. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  45. 1 2 "Leguizamon landed with 80-day ban". ESPN Scrum. 16 September 2010. Retrieved 12 November 2010.
  46. 1 2 "Ban rules Wales' Richie Rees out of Six Nations". BBC Sport. 6 January 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2011.
  47. 1 2 "England & Sale winger Mark Cueto given nine-week ban". BBC Sport. 11 April 2011. Retrieved 12 April 2011.
  48. 1 2 "Rugby World Cup 2011: Ghiraldini banned for eye gouging". BBC Sport. 4 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.
  49. 1 2 "All Blacks Sevens coach Tietjens rues loss to South Africa:" (Press release). AllBlacks.com. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  50. 1 2 "WRWC: SA to appeal eye-gouging ban". Rugby365.com. 4 August 2014. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
  51. 1 2 "Canada's Barkwill banned from rugby for 9 weeks". SportsNet. Associated Press. 28 November 2014. Retrieved 28 November 2014.
  52. 1 2 "Argentina's Mariano Galarza sees ban appeal refused". ESPN (UK). 27 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2015.
  53. 1 2 "Disciplinary hearing decision: Josaia Raisuqe" (Press release). European Professional Club Rugby. 13 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.
  54. 1 2 "Chris Ashton suspended for 10 weeks" (Press release). European Professional Club Rugby. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  55. 1 2 "Wales prop Tomas Francis banned for eight weeks following Dan Cole 'gouging' incident". WalesOnline. 15 March 2016. Retrieved 18 April 2016.
  56. 1 2 "Cardiff Blues' George Earle banned for 8 weeks for eye gouging". ESPN (UK). PA Sport. 21 December 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  57. 1 2 "England prop Kyle Sinckler handed seven-week ban". ESPN (UK). PA Sport. 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  58. 1 2 "Francois Louw hit with ban for incident involving Marco Fuser". ESPN (UK). 18 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  59. 1 2 "Disciplinary Decisions – Round 1" (Press release). European Professional Club Rugby. 18 October 2017. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
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