Development and Writing

Tony Garnett became interested in the work of psychiatrist R. D. Laing as a member of his family suffered from mental illness. He arranged for David Mercer to write a screenplay.^[5] It resulted in the play Two Minds which Garnett said was inspired by the story of Julie, a case in Laing's 1960 book The Divided Self. "I regretted later it might be seen as scapegoating the mother," wrote Garnett.^[6] Garnett wanted Roy Battersby to direct but he was unavailable so he went with Ken Loach.

The production was a success but Garnett said the fate and experience of his family member with the psychiatric profession "kept nagging away at me" so he decided to turn it into a film. Mercer was reluctant as "he rightly felt he had done the subject" but he was eventually persuaded. Garnett says Loach "didn't see the point but was easier to persuade. Directors always want to work in cinema."^[7]

"It's the only subject where I've insisted we had two bites at the cherry, for my own personal reasons," said Garnett. "It was so important to me, to do with a woman in my life and a painful time. Although it wasn't necessarily a sensible thing to do, it was almost an obsession in me to try to understand what had gone on."^[8]

Garnett claimed Mercer's "screenplay was barely adequate. It was lazy, perhaps because his heart wasn't in it. I wanted to do more work on it with him. He was reluctant. I probably should have called it a day then. With David on strike, but naturally reluctant to allow me to rewrite it, we had an insecure basis for a film. It was probably my fault for pressing him into it." However the producer says the movie was rescued by Loach who "gave a sense that we were witnessing life rather than actors doing their thing."^[9]

Financing

Half the budget was provided by the National Film Finance Corporation, who had financed the script, the other half by Nat Cohen and Anglo-EMI.^[10][11] Garnett wrote that when he pitched the project to Cohen, the producer summarised the story as "So, a mad girl goes into a mental hospital and goes madder. An unhappy ending. No laughs, no sex." He then said "You and Ken, you know, we could make a lot of money with you. If you weren't such a bunch of bloody communists."^[12] Although Garnett and Loach wanted to use an unknown in the lead, Cohen gave the money.

Casting

Casting mixed professionals with amateurs. The mother was played by a suburban housewife and the psychiatrist by a real psychiatrist. Changes from the original included introducing a psychiatrist character and a boyfriend for the lead.^[8]

Filming

There were clashes during filming as Mercer wanted his script filmed to the letter while Loach encouraged improvisation.^[13]

Post-production

During editing, Loach was involved in a car accident that injured him and resulted in the death of his mother in law and five-year-old son.^[14]

Box office

According to Loach the film made a "healthy profit".^[10] However Garnett said it "did little business, as Nat had predicted, although long afterwards he had the grace to admit it was released and marketed badly. I don't think anyone knew how to sell it or even knew what it was really about." The film was very successful in France, however, where Laing's teachings were popular.^[9] Loach's biographer says the film was a commercial failure and prevented him making a feature for several years.^[16]

Critical reception

The Evening Standard called it "extraordinary".^[17] Pauline Kael wrote "There are a few striking performances in the simulations of documentary footage. If you're not convinced by the Laing thesis, though, you may get very impatient."^[18]

Variety called it "disturbing and provocative."^[19]

Awards