Mud snake
Western mud snake, Farancia abacura reinwardtii, in Illinois
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Colubridae
Genus: Farancia
Species:
F. abacura
Binomial name
Farancia abacura
(Holbrook, 1836)
Synonyms[2]

The mud snake (Farancia abacura) is a species of nonvenomous, semiaquatic, colubrid snake endemic to the southeastern United States.[3]

Eastern mud snake, Pasco County, Florida 2011
Venter
Western mud snake feeding on two-toed amphiuma (Amphiuma means)
Anerythristic eastern mud snake, Florida

Description

The mud snake usually grows to a total length (including tail) of 40 to 54 inches (1-1.4 m),[4] with the record total length being slightly over 80 inches (2 m).[5]

This species is sexually dimorphic in size. Female adults are larger than males in total length.[6]

The upperside of the mud snake is glossy black. The underside is red and black, and the red extends up the sides to form bars of reddish-pink. Although, some have a completely black body with slightly lighter black spots instead of the common reddish colors.

The heavy body is cylindrical in cross section, and the short tail has a terminal spine.

The head scalation is distinctive in that there is only one internasal scale, no preocular scale, and one anterior temporal scale. The dorsal scales are smooth, and are arranged in 19 rows at midbody. There are 168–208 ventral scales and 31–55 subcaudal scales. The anal plate is divided.[7]

Farancia abacura is the only species that belongs to the Farancia genus, with two different subspecies within itself.[8]

Habitat

F. abacura inhabits the edges of streams and cypress swamps, among dense vegetation or under ground debris, using wet conditions to burrow itself into the mud. It is almost fully aquatic and rarely leaves the water, except to lay eggs, hibernate, or during drought to escape drying wetlands.[9][10] After heavy rain fall, its home range may increase to take advantage of new food sources.[11] It occupies aquatic habitats with freshwater or brackish waters. [12] For hibernation, they commonly use cavities in soil or old tree stumps.

Behavior

The mud snake is mostly aquatic and nocturnal. It preys mostly on giant aquatic salamanders in the genera Siren and Amphiuma, but it also eats other amphibians.[13] They are known to use their sharply pointed tails to prod prey items, leading to the nickname "stinging snake", although their tail is not a stinger and cannot sting. Enlarged teeth occur at the rear of the upper jaw, which presumably help to hold slippery prey. Upon being disturbed, mud snakes will sometimes tuck their head beneath their coils and expose the red underside on the tail as a warning display.[14]

Reproduction

Breeding of F. abacura takes place in the spring, mostly in the months of April and May. During copulation, the female will wind itself around the male. They can stay in this position for over a day.[15] Eight weeks after mating, the female lays 4 to 111[16] eggs in a nest dug out of moist soil, sometimes in alligator nests.[17] The nests of this species can commonly be found in the ground under debris, but it is not limited to those areas. These nests are cavities in sandy soil with the eggs laid within. Some eggs can even be embedded into the wall.[18] There is a positive correlation between body length and clutch size, with larger females having larger clutch sizes.[6] She will remain with her eggs until they hatch,[19] in the fall, usually September or October. Although unhatched eggs have not been found in the winter or spring, many juvenile mudsnakes are captured entering wetlands in the spring, most likely from clutches deposited and hatched in the preceding late summer or autumn. It is thought that mudsnake hatchlings either enter aquatic habitats in the autumn or delay entering them until the spring, but it is not known if they remain in a terrestrial nest or disperse into terrestrial habitats during this time.[20]

Geographic range

The mud snake is found in the southeastern United States, in the states of Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia.[3]

Cultural significance

The mud snake is one of a few animals which may be the origin of the hoop snake myth. J.D. Willson writes:

Mud snakes are sometimes known as “hoop snakes” because of the myth that they will bite their own tail and roll after people.[3]

The hoop snake myth has also been attributed to the coachwhip snake.

Subspecies

There are two recognized subspecies of Farancia abacura, including the nominotypical subspecies:

References

  1. ↑ Hammerson, G.A. (2007). "Farancia abacura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2007: e.T63779A12707670. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T63779A12707670.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ↑ Boulenger GA (1894). Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). Volume II., Containing the Conclusion of the Colubridæ Aglyphæ. London: Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History). (Taylor and Francis, Printers). xi + 382 pp. + Plates I-XX. (Farancia abacura, pp. 291–292).
  3. 1 2 3 Willson JD (2006). Mud Snake (Farancia abacura) Archived 2011-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Savannah River Ecology Laboratory. Accessed April 23, 2011.
  4. ↑ Missouri Department of Conservation (2013). Western Mud Snake Archived 2011-09-07 at the Wayback Machine MDC Online. Accessed May 18, 2013
  5. ↑ The University of Georgia (2008). Mud Snake Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine The University of Georgia: Museum of Natural History. Accessed April 23, 2011.
  6. 1 2 Powell, Chet; Stevenson, Dirk J.; Smith, Maegan; Jensen, John B. (2010). "A New Clutch Size Record for the Mud Snake (Farancia abacura)". Southeastern Naturalist. 9 (1): 177–178. doi:10.1656/058.009.0114. ISSN 1528-7092. S2CID 86810679.
  7. ↑ Smith HM, Brodie ED Jr (1982). Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification. New York: Golden Press. 240 pp. ISBN 0-307-13666-3. (Farancia abacura, pp. 162–163.).
  8. ↑ Meade, George P. (1946). "The Natural History of the Mud Snake". The Scientific Monthly. 63 (1): 21–29. ISSN 0096-3771.
  9. ↑ Steen DA, Stevenson DJ, Beane JC, Willson JD, Aresco MJ, Godwin JC, Graham SP, Smith LL, Howze JM, Rudolph DC, Pierce JB, Lee JR, Gregory BB, Jensen J, Stiles SH, Stiles JA, Nazdrowicz NH, Guyer C (2013). "Terrestrial movements of the Red-bellied Mudsnake (Farancia abacura) and Rainbow Snake (F. erytrogramma)" (PDF). Herpetological Review. 44: 208–213.
  10. ↑ Willson JD, Winne CT, Dorcas ME, Gibbons JW (2006). "Post-drought responses of semi-aquatic snakes inhabiting an isolated wetland: insights on different strategies for persistence in a dynamic habitat" (PDF). Wetlands. 26 (4): 1071–1078. doi:10.1672/0277-5212(2006)26[1071:prossi]2.0.co;2. S2CID 26314838.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Plummer, M.V., O’Neal, C.S., Cooper, S.M. et al. Leave or Die: Dispersal of Red-Bellied Mudsnakes (Farancia abacura) from their Home Ranges in an Isolated Wetland. Wetlands 40, 2489–2498 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-020-01362-w
  12. ↑ Snyder, Richard C. (1945-10-15). "Notes on the Snakes of Southeastern Alabama". Copeia. 1945 (3): 173–174. doi:10.2307/1438290. ISSN 0045-8511. JSTOR 1438290.
  13. ↑ Durso AM, Willson JD, Winne CT (2013). "Habitat influences diet overlap in aquatic snake assemblages" (PDF). Journal of Zoology (London). 291 (3): 185–193. doi:10.1111/jzo.12061.
  14. ↑ "Virginia Herpetological Society". www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
  15. ↑ Meade, George P. “Breeding Habits of Farancia Abacura in Captivity.” Copeia, vol. 1937, no. 1, pp. 12–15. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/1437364.
  16. ↑ Powell C, Stevenson DJ, Smith M, Jensen JB (2010). "A new clutch size record for the Mud Snake (Farancia abacura)". Southeastern Naturalist. 9: 177–178. doi:10.1656/058.009.0114. S2CID 86810679.
  17. ↑ Hall PM, Meier AJ (1993). "Reproduction and behavior of western mud snakes (Farancia abacura reinwardtii ) in American alligator nests". Copeia. 1993 (1): 219–222. doi:10.2307/1446314. JSTOR 1446314.
  18. ↑ Riemer, William J. “The Snake Farancia Abacura: An Attended Nest.” Herpetologica, vol. 13, no. 1, 1957, pp. 31–32. JSTOR, JSTOR 3890149.
  19. ↑ Goin CJ, Goin OB, Zug GR (1978). Introduction to Herpetology, Third Edition. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman. xi + 378 pp. ISBN 0-7167-0020-4. ("Parental Care", Farancia abacura, p. 121).
  20. ↑ Semlitsch RD, Pechmann JH, Gibbons JW (1988). "Annual emergence of juvenile mud snakes (Farancia abacura) at aquatic habitats". Copeia. 1988 (1): 243–245. doi:10.2307/1445944. JSTOR 1445944.

Further reading

  • Behler JL, King FW (1979). The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 743 pp., 657 color plates. ISBN 0-394-50824-6. (Farancia abacura, pp. 609–610 + Plate 492).
  • Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. xviii + 429 pp. ISBN 0-395-19979-4 (hardcover), ISBN 0-395-19977-8 (paperback). (Farancia abacura, pp. 176–177 + Plate 25 + Map 138).
  • Conant R, Bridges W (1939). What Snake Is That?: A Field Guide to the Snakes of the United States East of the Rocky Mountains. (With 108 drawings by Edmond Malnate). New York and London: D. Appleton-Century. Frontispiece map + viii + 163 pp. + Plates A-C, 1–32. (Farancia abacura, pp. 33–36 + Plate 3, Figure 7).
  • Goldstein RC (1941). "Notes on the Mud Snake in Florida". Copeia. 1941 (1): 49–50. doi:10.2307/1437715. JSTOR 1437715.
  • Holbrook JE (1836). North American Herpetology; or, A Description of the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Vol. I. Philadelphia: J. Dobson. 120 pp. (Coluber abacurus, new species, pp. 119–120).
  • Meade GP (1937). "Breeding Habits of Farancia abacura in Captivity". Copeia. 1937 (1): 12–15. doi:10.2307/1437364. JSTOR 1437364.
  • Morris PA (1948). Boy's Book of Snakes: How to Recognize and Understand Them. A volume of the Humanizing Science Series, edited by Jacques Cattell. New York: Ronald Press. New York. viii + 185 pp. ("The Mud Snake", Farancia abacura, pp. 87–88, 179).
  • Powell R, Conant R, Collins JT (2016). Peterson Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Fourth Edition. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. xiv + 494 pp., 47 plates, 207 figures. (Farancia abacura, pp. i, 405–406 + Plate 39).
  • Schlegel H (1837). Essai sur la physionomie des serpens. Amsterdam: M.H. Schonekat. Amsterdam. Partie Générale. xxviii + 251 pp. (Homalopsis reinwardtii, new species, p. 173). AND Partie Descriptive. 606 + xvi pp. (Homalopsis reinwardtii, pp. 357–358). (in French).
  • Schmidt KP, Davis DD (1941). Field Book of Snakes of the United States and Canada. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons. 365 pp. (Farancia abacura, pp. 106–108, Figure 22 + Plate 9).
  • Wright AH, Wright AA (1957). Handbook of Snakes of the United States and Canada. Itahaca and London: Comstock. 1,105 pp. (in 2 volumes) (Farancia abacura, pp. 271–280, Figures 84–85, Map 25).
  • Zim HS, Smith HM (1956). Reptiles and Amphibians: A Guide to Familiar American Species: A Golden Nature Guide. New York: Simon and Schuster. 160 pp. (Farancia abacura, pp. 75, 156).
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