Fazal Pookoya Thangal
سيّدفضل بوكوي
Bornc. 1820
Yemen
Died1901
Turkey
NationalityYemeni
Other namesSayyid Fadl, Fadl Pasha
EducationHadith, fiqh, languages
Occupation(s)Islamic missionary, political activist
Years active1848-1901
EraBritish colonial rule in India
Known forLeading revolts against British rule in Malabar
Notable workUddathul Umara' Val Hukkam Li Ihanathil Kafarah va Abadathil Asnam, Hulalul Ehsan Fee Thsyeenul Insane, Asasul Islam fee Bayani Ahkem, Bavarikul Fathyana: lee Thaqviyathul Bihyana, Risalathul Muslim Ila Habir lee Edrakul Gabir, ishafful Shafeeque fee Bayarakkelk, Athareekul Hanafiy, Thadheerul Hqyar Aquar Min Rukubil Hari Vannur, Vadhathul Umrah Val Hokum lee Ehanthil Kashrathi Vahabyathul Hayan, Edhah Ul Asrar
MovementMappila rebellion
OpponentBritish Raj
Parents
  • Sayyid Alavi Thangal (father)
  • Fathima Beevi (mother)

Fazal Pookoya Thangal (Arabic: سيّدفضل بوكوي,Malayalam:സയ്യിദ് ഫസൽ ‎പൂക്കോയ ‎തങ്ങള്) (c. 1820 – 1901), also known as Sayyid Fadl and Fadl Pasha, was a Yemeni Islamic missionary and political activist who played a prominent role in the Mappila community of Kerala, India.[1] He was the spiritual leader of Kerala Muslims as well as one of the pioneers of the Indian freedom movement.[2][3] He belonged to a family of Sayyids who traced their lineage to Ali ibn Abi Talib through Mamburam Sayyid Alavi Mouladhavila. His father was Mamburam Sayyid Alavi Thangal, a Muslim mystic and political leader who had migrated from Hadramaut in Yemen to Malabar in 1798 CE (1183 AH) to spread Islam.[4] After his father's death in 1845 CE (1261 AH), he succeeded him as the spiritual leader of Kerala Muslims.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Early life and education

Fazal Pookoya Thangal was born in the 1820s in Mamburam, Malappuram district, Kerala.[11] His mother was Fathima Beevi, the daughter of Aboobacker Madani Koyalandi, a celebrated Muslim mystic leader. He received his primary education under the guidance of his father and learned the basics of Islamic sciences He also studied under various scholars and teachers who were associated with his father, such as Alhaji Chalilakath Kuday, Parapanangadi Aboobacker Koya Musliyar, Baithan Musliyar, Veliyankode Umar Khasi, Moideen Khazi, Calicut Khazi, Zainudeen Musliyar Thirurangadi and Sheikh Sayyid Abdulla Bin Umar.[12] He acquired proficiency in Hadith, Fiqh, and languages such as Arabic, Persian and Malayalam.[13] He also traveled to Mecca to pursue higher studies after his father's demise and returned to Kerala in 1848 CE (1264 AH).[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

Political activism and rebellions

Fazal Pookoya Thangal was not only a religious leader but also a political activist who opposed the British colonial rule in India. He delivered sermons and speeches that inspired the Mappila Muslims to resist the oppression and injustice of the British authorities.[24][13] He also supported the causes of the local rulers and chieftains who were fighting against the British expansion.[25] He was involved in several rebellions and uprisings that took place in Malabar in the late 1840s and early 1850s.[13][26] [27] [28] [29] [30] [31] [32] [33] [34] [35] [36]

Manjeri revolt

In August 1849 CE (1265 AH), a revolt broke out in Manjeri, where the Mappila Muslims attacked the British troops and officials.[37] This was a continuation of the earlier revolt that had occurred in 1844 CE (1260 AH) in the same place.[38][24] Fazal Pookoya Thangal was accused of instigating the rebels and providing them with moral and material support. The British authorities arrested him and interrogated him, but they failed to get any evidence about his involvement in the revolt.[39]

Kulathur revolt

In 1851 CE (1267 AH), another revolt erupted in Kulathur, where the Mappila Muslims rose up against the British taxation and land policies.[40] They also attacked the Hindu landlords who were allied with the British [41][42] Fazal Pookoya Thangal was again suspected of being behind the rebellion and influencing the masses. The British historian William Logan recorded this incident as one of the three serious revolts that were suppressed by the British forces between 1849 and 1852 CE (1265 and 1268 AH) in his "Malabar Manual".[43][44]

Exile from Malabar

The British authorities decided to deport Fazal Pookoya Thangal from Malabar after the release of the T. L. Strange commission investigation report, which probed into the causes and consequences of the Mappila revolts.[45] The district magistrate H. V. Conolly issued a warrant for his arrest in February 1852 CE (1268 AH).[1][4][5][11] However, Fazal Pookoya Thangal managed to escape to Arabia before he could be captured. He settled in Istanbul, where he was welcomed by the Ottoman Empire as a guest of honor.[11][12][13] He was given the title of Fadl Pasha by the Ottoman Sultan and lived a comfortable life with his family.[25][37][38][39] He died in Istanbul in 1901 CE (1318 AH) and was buried there.[46][47][48][49][50][51]

Works

Fazal Pookoya Thangal was a prolific writer who authored several books and treatises on various topics related to Islam, history, politics, law, ethics, and spirituality.[52][53][54] Some of his works are:

  • "Uddathul Umara" Val Hukkam Li Ihanathil Kafarah va Abadathil Asnam" (‎عدة ‏الامراء و الحكام لاهانة الكفرة و عبدة الاصنام‎) - A guide for rulers and judges on how to deal with infidels and idolaters.[1]
  • "Hulalul Ehsan Fee Thsyeenul Insane" ( ‎حلال الاحسان في تحسين الانسان‎) - A book on ethics and human improvement [1]
  • "Asasul Islam fee Bayani Ahkem" (‎اساس الاسلام في بيان الاحكام‎) - A book on the fundamentals of Islam and its rulings.
  • "Bavarikul Fathyana: lee Thaqviyathul Bihyana" (‎بوارك الفتيان لتقوية البنتيان‎) - A book on the virtues and duties of young men and women
  • "Risalathul Muslim Ila Habir lee Edrakul Gabir" (‎رسالة المسلمين للحابر يدروغ الكبير‎) - A letter to a friend on how to understand the greatness of God
  • "Ishafful Shafeeque fee Bayarakkelk" (‎اشعاف شفيق في بيارك‎) - A book on the biography and teachings of Shafi'i school of jurisprudence
  • "Athareekul Hanafiy" (‎التاريخ الحنفية‎) - A book on the history and doctrines of Hanafi school of jurisprudence
  • "Thadheerul Hqyar Aquar Min Rukubil Hari Vannur" (‎تظهير الحقيار من رقوب الحاري و ‏النور‎ ) - A book on the defense of the truth against the attacks of enemies and hypocrites
  • "Vadhathul Umrah Val Hokum lee Ehanthil Kashrathi Vahabyathul Hayan" (وحدة ‏العمرة و الحكوم ل للاعانة الكفرة) وعبودية العصيان‎) - A book on the unity of the community and the government for the assistance of the infidels and the servitude of disobedience
  • "Edhah Ul Asrar" (‎اظهار الاسرار‎) - A book on the revelation of the secrets [39][41]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Mampuram Maqam". mampurammaqam.com.
  2. ↑ En. Pi Cekkuṭṭi Muhammad Abdurahman 2006- Page 82 "But even before the report was submitted, the decision to deport Fazal Pookoya Thangal was taken in February, 1852. The deportation order was issued by the Madras Government on February 12. As the news of the deportation spread, ..."
  3. ↑ Anne K. Bang Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa - 2003 Page 82 "They turned to the Tannal of Mambram, i.e. to Fadl Pasha. In 1852, the District Magistrate H. V. Conolly issued a warrant for Sayyid Fadl's arrest. Unlike the case of his father, the British this time refused to let matters pass and Sayyid Fadl was "
  4. 1 2 Parakkadavu, Shafi MK, The role of Sayyid Fazl Pookkoya Thangal in the anti-colonial movement in Malabar, shafi mk parakkadavu – via www.academia.edu
  5. 1 2 "Fazal Pookoya Thangal". id.oclc.org.
  6. ↑ Muhammed Rafeeq, T. Development of Islamic movement in Kerala in modern times
  7. ↑ Dr. Husain Randathani: Genesis and Growth of the Mappila Community, Merawatan, 2009.
  8. ↑ Dr. K. K. N., Kuruppu. Mampuram Sayyid Fasal Pookkoya Thangal. Chinta. External. 11. ISBN 93-823-2853-X.
  9. ↑ Dr. M, Gangan. Mampuram Sayyid Fasal Pookkoya Thangal. Chinta. External. 23. ISBN 93-823-2853-X. Mampuram Thangal's era and untimely death.
  10. ↑ Ma'adanul Yavakeeth, Sayyid Fasal's Life in Arabic-Malayalam Poetry - Kuzhiyantathil Abdul Rahman.
  11. 1 2 3 Mampuram Sayyid Fazal Pookoya Thangal : adhinivesa viruddha charithrathile nithyasanidhyam
  12. 1 2 "Browse our online store for new and used books at BetterWorldBooks.com".
  13. 1 2 3 4 "Google Books". books.google.com.
  14. ↑ Misbahul Fuad Kannirāl Kuniyin.
  15. ↑ K. K. Mohammed Sathar, Gems of Malabar, p. 29
  16. ↑ Sayyid Fasal Thangal - Mahārathamār in Malayalam - Nellikkuthu Muhammad
  17. ↑ Sayyids in Malabar, Menon & Dale, Page 4
  18. ↑ Roger Allen: "Spies, Scandals and Sultans: Istanbul in the twilight of the Ottoman Empire", Rowman Little Field, US
  19. ↑ Abu Bakr T. Huda Karevarakundu - Avabodhathinte Adhyalangal - Sathyadhara
  20. ↑ What Matters to Sufis on the Path to Madinah
  21. ↑ KK Muhammed Abdul Sathar, Mappila Leader in Exile: a political biography of Syed Fazl Pookkoya Thangal, Calicut: Other Books, 2012, p. 59
  22. ↑ Moyin Hudawi Malayamma and Mahamood Panangagara, Mamburam Thangal: Life, Self-Identity, and Struggle, Chemmad: ASAs Book Cell, 2009, p. 82.
  23. ↑ William Logan, Malabar Manual, Thiruvananthapuram: Charithram Publication, 1981, p. 623
  24. 1 2 Noble, Barnes &. "mampuram sayyid fazal pookoya thangal: adhinivesa virudha charithrathile nithya sanidhyam: adhinivesa virudha charithrathile nithya sanidhyam|Paperback". Barnes & Noble.
  25. 1 2 "FAZL POOKOYA THANGAL". 15 March 2014 – via Internet Archive.
  26. ↑ Dr. Hussain Randathani, Mappila Malabar, p. 61.
  27. ↑ Dr. Hussain Randathani, Mappila Muslims: A Study on society and anti-colonial struggles, Calicut: Other Books, 2007, p. 94.
  28. ↑ Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836–1921.
  29. ↑ KK Muhammed Abdul Sathar, Mappila Leader in Exile: a political biography of Syed Fazl Pookkoya Thangal, Calicut: Other Books, 2012, p. 59.
  30. ↑ William Logan, Malabar Manual - Volume 1, 1887.
  31. ↑ Correspondence of Mappila Outrages in Malabar for the years 1849-53. Reports. External. 54-56. ISBN 978-1130249163.
  32. ↑ William, Logan (2012-republication). Malabar Manual. Matrubhumi Books. ISBN 978-81-8265-429-7. Sayyid Fasal Pookkoya Thangal.
  33. ↑ M. Gangadharan. 'Mampuram Thanganmarude Kalavum Akalavum', Syed Fasal: Adhiniveshavirudha Charitratile Nitya Sannidhyam, (Thiruvananthapuram: Chintha Publishers)
  34. ↑ Dr. K. K. Muhammad, Abdul Sattar. Mampuram Sayyid Fasal Pookoya Thangal. Chintha. Puram. 44. ISBN 93-823-2853-X. Kalapangalum Mampuram Thanganmarum.
  35. ↑ Correspondence of Malabar Outrages in Malayalam For The Years 1849-53. Rarebooks. Puram. 266. ISBN 978-1130249163.
  36. ↑ Letter from H. V. Conolly to II, Paikraft, Sec, to the Government. Date 7 February 1852.
  37. 1 2 "Barnes and Noble". The Summit.
  38. 1 2 "Mampuram Saayid Fazal".
  39. 1 2 3 "Mampuram Sayyid Fazal Pookoya Thangal".
  40. ↑ "Islam Kavadam".
  41. 1 2 Osella, Filippo; Osella, Caroline (2008). "Islamism and Social Reform in Kerala, South India". Modern Asian Studies. 42 (2/3): 317–346. doi:10.1017/S0026749X07003198. JSTOR 20488022. S2CID 143932405 – via JSTOR.
  42. ↑ "Sde181 - H I ST ORY OF M ODERN K ERALA CORE COURSE For B A HISTORY (CU CBCSS - 2 0 1 4 a dm n a rds) - Studocu". Studocu.
  43. ↑ "fazal in a sentence - fazal sentence". eng.ichacha.net.
  44. ↑ "ഫസല്‍ തങ്ങള്‍: ആത്മീയ ആരാമത്തിലെ അപൂര്‍വ പുഷ്പം". Sirajlive.com.
  45. ↑ Ansari, M. T. (30 October 2015). Islam and Nationalism in India: South Indian contexts. Routledge. ISBN 9781317390503 – via Google Books.
  46. ↑ Correspondence of Malabar Outrages in Malayalam For The Years 1849-53. Rarebooks. Puram. 277. ISBN 978-1130249163.
  47. ↑ William Logan Malabar Manual - Volume 1 1887 - Page 576.
  48. ↑ Toprak, Maruf. 'Life and Sufi Views of Fadl b. Alevi, Among Alawi sheikhs of the Recent Times.' Master's thesis, Uluda University, Turkey, 2018. Buxton, Amin.
  49. ↑ 'Abdülhamid Ll and Sayyid Fadl Pasha of Hadramawt; An Arab Dignitary's Ambitions (1876-1900).' The Journal of Ottoman Studies XIII (Osmanl
  50. ↑ Abdul Sathar. Muhammed K.K. Syed Fasal: Life and Struggle.
  51. ↑ This Fatwa written by you from Istanbul is still preserved at Tharavattil. Great Mappilasahitya Heritage, pages 187-189.
  52. ↑ Sayyid Fasal Pookoya Thangal Laghu Jeevacharitram, Parappanangadi, 1934 - Volume 8-9.
  53. ↑ Dr. K. K. Muhammad, Abdul Sattar. Mampuram Sayyid Fasal Pookoya Thangal. Chintha. Puram. 48-49. ISBN 93-823-2853-X. Sayyid Fasal in Ottoman Politics.
  54. ↑ Sakkeer Hussain E.M. Advent of Islam in Kerala and Social Harmony as Reflected in Manuscripts
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