Makhnovshchina
Anarchist black flag, commonly used by Ukrainian anarchists, including the Makhnovshchina
Black flag of Anarchy
Adoptedc. 1905
Relinquishedc. 1921

The flags of the Makhnovshchina consisted of a number of different black and red flags, each emblazoned with anarchist and socialist slogans.

Design

The Makhnovshchina flew multiple variations of the black and red flags during the Ukrainian War of Independence. These flags often carried anarchist and socialist slogans, or the name of the insurgent unit they represented, embroidered in white on the black flags and in gold on the red flags.[1] In his memoirs, the Makhnovist chief-of-staff Viktor Bilash wrote about a number of the slogans used on the flags of the Makhnovshchina, including:[2]

  • "Always with the oppressed against the oppressors" (Army)
  • "War on the palaces, peace to the cottages" (Army)
  • "The emancipation of the workers is the affair of the workers themselves!" (Army)
  • "Power generates parasites. Long live Anarchy!" (Soviet)
  • "All power to the soviets right now!" (Soviet)

History

The black flag had been used by Ukrainian anarchists since the 1905 Revolution, when a militant organization known as the Black Banner carried out a number of attacks in the region.[3] The Union of Poor Peasants also used their own variation of the black flag, which was emblazoned with the words: "Always with the oppressed against the oppressors".[4] When one of the Union's members, Egor Bondarenko, was due to be hanged, he prophesied that his comrade Nestor Makhno would "hoist again the black flag of Anarchy that our enemies have snatched from us..."[5] During his prison sentence, Makhno himself wrote poetry depicting a peasant revolution breaking out beneath the anarchist black flag.[6]

With the outbreak of the February Revolution, the anarchist black flag was raised once again in Huliaipole,[7] and with the subsequent October Revolution, black flags were flown during anarchist demonstrations in Katerynoslav.[8] According to Makhno, following the invasion of Ukraine by the Central Powers, anarchist banners hung up in Huliaipole were torn down by the "haidymaky" of the Ukrainian People's Army.[9]

When the Insurgent Army was integrated into the Red Army in 1919, the Makhnovists were permitted to retain their black flags.[10] They also made use of their official position within the Soviet power structure to commission their own red flags from the Bolshevik artist A. A. Briantsev.[11]

During the Makhnovist advance against the White movement in October 1919, Volin reported that after a priest had been captured by insurgents, they stripped him of his cassock, which they claimed they intended to use as fabric for a black flag, before shooting him.[12]

On 9 February 1920, after the Southwestern Front of the Red Army attacked the insurgent positions in Huliaipole, the Red units reported that they had seized the insurgent staff's black flag.[13] On 12 December 1920, following an engagement between the Insurgents and the Red Army that had ended in a stalemate, the Red command declared victory after they captured one of the insurgents' black flags.[14]

Decades after the defeat of the Makhnovshchina, Ukrainian Makhnovists raised the black flag once again during World War II, when they took up a partisan struggle against the Nazi occupation.[15]

Other flags

A photo showing a flag attributed to the Makhnovists

A photo emblazoned with a skull and crossbones and the motto "Death to all who stand in the way of freedom for the working people" is often attributed to Makhnovists, first in the Soviet Russian book Jewish Pogroms 1917–1921 by Zelman Ostrovsky,[16] but this was categorically denied by Nestor Makhno,[17] who said the photo "does not show Makhnovists at all".[18] The reverse side of this flag reads Naddniprians'kyi kish, roughly translating to the "Dnipro Division," a unit which was under the command of Svyryd Kotsur, the ataman of Chyhyryn.[19]

Various national flags have also been associated with the Makhnovshchina. Following the White offensive in Northern Taurida, a number of Makhnovists found themselves trapped in the region occupied by the Russian Army. Led to believe that Pyotr Wrangel had formed an alliance with the Makhnovists, a number of these isolated insurgents defected to the White movement, flying their black flags alongside the flag of Russia.[20] In contemporary Ukraine, the blue-and-yellow flag of Ukraine has been flown at public events commemorating the Makhnovshchina, depicting Makhno as a figure that fought for the country's independence.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Darch 2020, p. 102; Kravets 2019.
  2. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 86.
  3. ↑ Darch 2020, p. 4; Peters 1970, p. 33.
  4. ↑ Kravets 2019; Malet 1982, p. 165.
  5. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 29.
  6. ↑ Skirda 2004, pp. 31–32.
  7. ↑ Malet 1982, p. xxiii.
  8. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 321.
  9. ↑ Darch 2020, p. 24.
  10. ↑ Darch 2020, p. 41; Peters 1970, p. 80.
  11. ↑ Darch 2020, p. 102.
  12. ↑ Peters 1970, pp. 107–108.
  13. ↑ Malet 1982, p. 56; Skirda 2004, p. 168.
  14. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 249.
  15. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 261.
  16. ↑ Ostrovsky 1926, p. 100.
  17. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 280.
  18. ↑ Makhno 1927, pp. 8–10.
  19. ↑ Patterson 2022.
  20. ↑ Skirda 2004, p. 194.
  21. ↑ Darch 2020, pp. 165–166.

Bibliography

  • Darch, Colin (2020). Nestor Makhno and Rural Anarchism in Ukraine, 1917-1921. London: Pluto Press. ISBN 9781786805263. OCLC 1225942343.
  • Kravets, Yuri (16 June 2019). "Флаги гражданской войны. Армия Н.Махно". Vexillographia (in Russian). Zaporizhzhia: Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  • Malet, Michael (1982). Nestor Makhno in the Russian Civil War. London: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-25969-6. OCLC 8514426.
  • Makhno, Nestor (April–May 1927). "To the Jews of all Countries". Delo Truda (23–24). Retrieved 9 October 2018.
  • Ostrovsky, Zelman Solomonovich (1926). Еврейские погромы, 1918-1921 [Jewish Pogroms 1917–1921]. Moscow: Shkola i kniga. p. 100. OCLC 41219136. Archived from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
  • Patterson, Sean (30 June 2022). ""Death to All Who Stand in the Way of Freedom for the Working People": Anarchy's False Flag". Anarchist Studies. Retrieved 1 July 2022.
  • Peters, Victor (1970). Nestor Makhno: The Life of an Anarchist. Winnipeg: Echo Books. OCLC 7925080.
  • Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921. Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland: AK Press. ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5. OCLC 60602979.
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