During the Philippine Revolution, various flags were used by the Katipunan secret society and its various factions, and later, after the Katipunan's dissolution, the Philippine Army and its civil government.

Other flags were the personal battle standards of different military zone commanders operating around Manila.

Flags

Katipunan

FlagUseDescription

Organizational flagWith the establishment of the Katipunan, Andrés Bonifacio requested his wife, Gregoria de Jesús, to create a flag for the society. De Jesús devised a simple red flag bearing the society's acronym, KKK, in white and arranged horizontally at the center. It became the society's first flag.

Some Katipunan members used other variations. One variation has the three Ks arranged in the form of a triangle. Some others used a red flag with only one K.

Personal flags

FlagBearerDescription
Andrés BonifacioAs the Katipunan's Supremo, Andrés Bonifacio had a personal flag which depicts a white sun with an indefinite number of rays on a field of red. Below the sun are three white Ks arranged horizontally. This flag was first unveiled on August 23, 1896, during the Cry of Pugadlawin where the assembled Katipunan members tore their cedulas (community tax certificates) in defiance of Spanish authority. The flag was used later during the Battle of San Juan del Monte on August 30, 1896, the first major battle of the Philippine Revolution.
Mariano LlaneraGeneral Mariano Llanera who fought in the provinces of Bulacan, Tarlac, Pampanga, and Nueva Ecija used a black flag with a white skull and crossbones, resembling the Jolly Roger. Bonifacio referred to the design as Bungo ni Llanera or Llanera's Skull. There were at least two versions of the flag. The more well-known version had a white K on the left and the white skull and crossbones on the right. An earlier version had the white skull and crossbones on top with three white Ks on the bottom, akin to Bonifacio's flag.
Pío del PilarGeneral Pío del Pilar used a red banner which has a white equilateral triangle on the mast with a K at each corner. At the center of the triangle was a mountain with the sun rising behind it. The flag was called Bandila ng Matagumpay (Flag Of the Triumphants) and was first used on July 11, 1895. The flag was also one of the first to depict an eight-rayed sun.
Gregorio del PilarGeneral Gregorio del Pilar used a tricolor banner with a blue triangle at the mast and a red stripe at the top of the flag and a black stripe at the bottom. Del Pilar patterned his flag after that of Cuba's, which then was also revolting against Spain.

Other flags

FlagDescription
Flag used in the Negros Revolution. The flag is inverted with the red part displayed on the top in solidarity with other revolutionaries. This standard in particular was flown by Alipio E. Ykalina who joined General Juan Araneta in consolidating forces south of Bacolod.[1]

National flags

FlagCountry/GovernmentDescription
Tagalog RepublicFlag of the Tagalog Republic.
First Philippine RepublicFlag of the First Philippine Republic. It was formally unfurled during the proclamation of Philippine independence on June 12, 1898 by President Aguinaldo.

"Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set

"The Evolution of the Philippine Flag" as featured in a 1972 postal stamp series.

A set of flag purportedly used by the Katipunan, dubbed as the "Evolution of the Philippine", has been featured in postal stamps in the 1972 and the Philippine Centennial. The name of the set erroneously suggest that the modern Flag of the Philippines was derived or "evolved" from the flags used by the Katipunan and all of the flags themselves were national flags. The Manila Historical Institute and the National Historical Institute insist that the flags in the set, excluding the modern Philippine flag, are "Flags of the Philippine Revolution". Historians also questioned the limited number of flags included in the set. It is pointed out that the "Evolution of the Philippine Flag" set only represents a small fraction of flags used by Katipunan battalions.[2][3] The set also included flags which had limited documentation to support its actual historical usage.

Modern usage

Modern "Magdalo" flag.

A flag reminiscent of the Katipunan flags of the past was used by a breakaway faction of army officers calling themselves Bagong Katipuneros,[4] but labeled the Magdalo Group by the press. These officers mutinied against the government of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo at the behest of Gregorio Honasan and once again led by Antonio Trillanes IV (see Oakwood mutiny and Manila Peninsula mutiny).

References

  1. ↑ "Flags and Banners of the Colonial Era in the Philippines | Presidential Museum and Library". Presidential Museum and Library. Retrieved February 12, 2022.
  2. ↑ Merit Badge Center, Philippines (n.d.). "The History of the Philippine Flag" (PDF). Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  3. ↑ "Philippine Flag Pictures: Evolution of the Filipino Flag". Philippine-History.org. Retrieved June 12, 2016.
  4. ↑ Laurel, Herman T (February 22, 2006). "Small Setback..." The Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
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