Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard
Gepard 1A2 of the German Army
TypeSelf-propelled anti-aircraft gun
Place of originWest Germany
Service history
In service1976–present
Used bySee Operators
Wars
Specifications
Mass47.5 t (46.7 long tons; 52.4 short tons)
LengthOverall: 7.68 m (25 ft 2 in)
Width3.71 m (12 ft 2 in)
HeightRadar retracted: 3.29 m (10 ft 10 in)
Crew3 (driver, gunner, commander)
Armorconventional steel
Main
armament
2 × 35 mm Oerlikon GDF autocannon, each with 320 rounds anti-air ammunition and 20 rounds anti-tank
Secondary
armament
2 × quad 76mm smoke grenade dischargers
Engine10-cylinder, 37,400 cc (2,280 cu in) MTU multi-fuel engine
830 PS (819 hp, 610 kW)
Power/weight17.5 PS/t
SuspensionTorsion bar suspension
Operational
range
550 km (340 mi)
Maximum speed 65 km/h (40 mph)

The Flugabwehrkanonenpanzer Gepard ("anti-aircraft-gun tank 'Cheetah'", better known as the Flakpanzer Gepard) is an all-weather-capable German self-propelled anti-aircraft gun (SPAAG).[1] It was developed in the 1960s, fielded in the 1970s, and has been upgraded several times with the latest electronics. It has been a cornerstone of the air defence of the German Army (Bundeswehr) and a number of other NATO countries.

In Germany, the Gepard was phased out in late 2010 and replaced by the Wiesel 2 Ozelot Leichtes Flugabwehrsystem (LeFlaSys) with four FIM-92 Stinger or LFK NG missile launchers. A variant with the MANTIS gun system and LFK NG missiles, based on the GTK Boxer, was also considered.[2]

The Gepard has seen combat in the Russo-Ukrainian War,[3][4] and makes regular headlines on the news.[4][5]

Developmental history

Early Gepard system during trials in the USA
Early pre-series vehicle on trial for the Royal Netherlands Army in 1976.

The Gepard was developed during the 1960s[4][6][7] as a replacememnt for the M42 Duster.[7] Two projects were investigated. These were the ‘Matador’ (designed by Rheinmetall, AEG, Siemens, and Krauss-Maffei) and the ‘5PFZ-A’ (designed by Oerlikon, Contraves, Siemens-Albis, Hollandse Signaalapparaten and Kraus-Maffei/Porsche).[7] In 1969, construction began of four A prototypes testing both 30 and 35mm guns. In June 1970, it was decided to use the 35mm type. In 1971, twelve second phase B prototypes were ordered. In 1971 the Dutch army ordered a CA preseries of five vehicles based on a parallel development that had used a West German 0-series Leopard 1 vehicle made available by the West German government in March 1970 as the C-prototype.

The Germans made a small preseries of both the B1 and B2R. In February 1973, the political decision was made to produce the type. In September 1973 the contract was signed with Krauss-Maffei for 432 B2 turrets and 420 hulls with a total value of DM 1,200,000,000. Each vehicle would be about three times the price of a normal Leopard 1. The first was delivered in December 1976. Belgium ordered 55 vehicles, which were identical to the German version. The Netherlands ordered 95 vehicles (designated Cheetah PRTL or Pantser Rups Tegen Luchtdoelen), split into three batches (CA1, CA2 and CA3), which were equipped with Philips radar systems.

Since the 1980s, Redeye and later Stinger MANPADS teams have been accompanying the Gepard units to take advantage of their long-range scanning capacity. To combine this capacity in a single unit, a missile system upgrade that mounts the Stingers in twin packs to the autocannons was developed. The system was tested by the German Bundeswehr but not bought due to budget restrictions. Instead, the Ozelot Light Air Defence System (LeFlaSys) was fielded for the three Airborne Brigades.

Technology and systems

The vehicle is based on the hull of the Leopard 1 tank[1][8] with a large fully rotating turret carrying the armament—a pair of 35 mm Oerlikon KDA autocannons.

Chassis and propulsion

The Gepard is based on a slightly modified chassis of the Leopard 1 main battle tank,[1][7][8] including the complete drive unit with a 37.4-liter 10-cylinder multi-fuel engine (type: MB 838 CaM 500) with two mechanical superchargers built by MTU Aero Engines. The V-engine with a cylinder angle of 90 degrees has 610 kW at 2200 RPM (830 PS) and consumes—depending on the surface and driving style—around 150 liters per 100 kilometers. To ensure a steady supply of oil, even in difficult terrain and under extreme skew, the engine is provided with a dry sump forced lubrication. Even the gearbox (type: 4 HP-250) from ZF Friedrichshafen and the exhaust system with fresh air admixture to reduce the infrared signature were taken from the Leopard 1 main battle tank.

The Gepard is equipped with a Daimler-Benz (type: OM 314) 4-cylinder diesel auxiliary engine for the energy supply system. This engine is on the front left of the vehicle, located where the Leopard 1 has an ammunition magazine. The engine, which has a 3.8 liter capacity, is designed as a multi-fuel engine and produces 66 kW (90 PS). It consumes between 10 and 20 liters per hour, depending on the operational status of the tank.

The auxiliary engine is coupled with five generators to operate at different speeds: Two Metadyn machines in tandem with a flywheel (which is used to store energy during the acceleration and deceleration of the turret) for the power of the elevation and traverse drives, two 380 Hz three-phase generators with a capacity of 20 kVA for the ventilation, fire-control and radar systems, and a 300 A 28 volt direct current generator for the electrical system. The fuel capacity is 985 liters, which ensures a combined operating time of approximately 48 hours.

The chassis and the track were taken directly from the Leopard 1. It has torsion bar spring-mounted roadwheels with seven roadwheel pairs per side. They are connected to the torsion bars on swing arms, whose deflection is limited by volute springs. Drive is through the drive sprockets located at the rear.

The rubber-mounted shocks were modified to achieve better stability during firing. The track is manufactured by the company Diehl, rubber track pads fitted, and is "live" track with rubber bushings between the track links and pins (type: D 640 A). Grouser/icecleats can replace the rubber pads on some track links to increase traction on slippery surfaces.

The hull only had slight modifications, i.e. a modified roadwheel distance (8 cm increased distance between the third and fourth roadwheel) and the transfer of additional batteries in battery boxes at the rear. The batteries and the electrical system operate at 24 volts DC.

Radar and laser

The commander (left) and gunner's (right) positions in a Dutch Cheetah PRTL. Each crewmember has their own optical periscope and share a single, centre-mounted display for the surveillance radar.

Vehicles delivered to the German Bundeswehr and Belgium were equipped with a Siemens MPDR 12 S-band search radar installed on a swing arm (lowered behind the turret for transit) on the rear of the turret, which provides a 15 km hemispherical detection range and has an integrated MSR 400 Mk XII interrogator for automated target discrimination. The Ku band tracking radar also developed by Siemens-Albis has a 15 km range and is mounted at the front of the turret, between the guns; its dome-covered antenna is mounted on a powered base which can traverse in a 180° arc. Additionally, the Gepard has a back-up optical sighting system for passive target acquisition and engagement, consisting of two stabilized, panoramic periscopes for both gunner and commander, with a variable magnification (1.5× and a field of view of 50° and 6× magnification with a narrow, 12.5° FOV). These periscopes can be mechanically engaged by the tracking radar and automatically aimed at the target for preliminary identification. A laser rangefinder was provided on vehicles upgraded to the B2L standard, and installed atop the antenna housing for the tracking radar.

Guns

A closeup of the gun muzzle and the projectile velocity sensor
Technicians reload the Gepard with linked 35 mm ammunition.

The Gepard utilizes two Oerlikon GDF, 90 calibres (3.15 m (10 ft 4 in)) long,[7] with a muzzle velocity of 1,440 m/s (4,700 ft/s) (FAPDS (Frangible Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot) rounds), giving an effective range of 5.5 km (3.4 mi). The ammunition is 35×228mm calibre[7] (STANAG 4516).

The KDA autocannon has a dual belt feed for two different ammunition types; the usual loading per gun is 320 AA rounds fed from inside the turret and 20 AP rounds fed from a small outlying storage. The 40 armour-piercing rounds are normally fired singly with the guns alternating; they are also intended for self defence against light armoured ground targets.

Each gun has a firing rate of 550 rounds/min. The combined rate of fire is 1,100 rounds/min, which – in unlimited mode – gives a continuous fire time of 35 seconds before running out of ammunition (with 640 AA rounds for both guns). It is standard to fire bursts against air targets, 24 rounds per gun for a total of 48 in limited mode and 48 rounds per gun for a total of 96 in normal mode. The Ukrainian air defence have found that the guns "take an hour-and-a-half to reload", thus limiting their effectiveness.[9]

The guns can be elevated to almost a 90-degree vertical angle.[7]

Variants

There are two variants of Gepard in service; the Dutch variant has a different radar installation.

 Germany

 Netherlands

  • Search radar: X band, 15 km range
  • Tracking radar: X/Ka band, 13 km range

Operational history

Invasion of Ukraine

The Gepard has been deployed by Ukraine in its defense against the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[10] The first three Gepards arrived in Ukraine on 25 July 2022.[11][5]A test showed that a supply of ammunition manufactured in Norway could not be fired by the Gepard, with a subsequent test of improved ammunition scheduled for August 2022.[12] By 20 September 2022 thirty Gepards and 6,000 rounds had been delivered.[13] According to Ukraine's Armed Forces about 50,000 Norwegian made rounds for the Gepard had been received by 26 September 2022.[14] Photos from the German tabloid Bild of the Gepard with a Ukrainian crew include high-explosive incendiary (HEI) rounds (where the projectile is yellow with a red band) made by e.g. Norwegian Nammo.[15][16]

According to a Ukrainian defense attache in the United States the Gepard has been used to "great effect" against the "relatively crude" loitering munition believed to be Iranian-made Shahed-136.[17] The Conflict Intelligence Team considers it likely that a Gepard destroyed a Russian Kh-101 cruise missile as it was targeting a Kyiv power plant on 18 October 2022.[18] One unit is credited with destroying more than ten Shahed-136 drones and two cruise missiles.[19] Such systems are more effective and hence more cost-effective than more advanced and expensive air defence systems such NASAMS or IRIS-T missiles, while being less politically sensitive as they only have a limited effective range.[20] The London-based think tank, the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) wrote: "In general, gun systems are preferred over missiles where possible due to the much lower cost per engagement and higher availability of ammunition compared with SAMs and MANPADS".[21] Ukraine allegedly suffered its first Gepard loss in April 2023 to a Lancet loitering munition,[22] although the full video shows the Gepard relatively intact after the impact. A retired Gepard operator of the 10th Panzer Division from Germany confirmed with his source in Ukraine that the Gepard still functioned after the hit.[23]

On 2 December 2022, Germany recovered seven additional Gepard tanks from the "scrap pile" to be refurbished and sent to Ukraine, bringing the total units sent to Ukraine at 37. In May 2023 all 15 Gepards sold to Qatar in 2020 were purchased back by Germany, bringing the total pledged up to 52.

Obtaining ammunition was initially difficult as Switzerland claimed that owing to its neutrality it should forbid Germany to transfer its stock, and refuse to supply its surplus,[24] forcing Germany to rely on other sources for ammunition.[25] However, on 15 December Rheinmetall committed to a new factory in Germany to sidestep the Swiss re-export ban.[26] A deal to start production was signed in February 2023[27] and the first shipment of new ammunition was delivered to Ukraine in September 2023.[28] Germany delivered the last 3 pledged Gepards to Ukraine by 22 December 2023 along with an additional 30,240 rounds of new ammunition.

Operators

A map of Flakpanzer Gepard operators in blue with former operators in red
Country Type Quantity Origin Image Notes
 Brazil 1A2 S Band36[7] Germany36 delivered from surplus Bundeswehr stock.[29]
 Romania 1A2 S Band36 Germany43 Gepards were delivered in total: 36 units + 7 for spare parts,[7] all ex-Bundeswehr stocks.[30]
 Ukraine 1A2 S Band52 GermanyOn 26 April 2022, the German government authorized Krauss-Maffei Wegmann to transfer 50 refurbished Flakpanzer Gepard anti-aircraft vehicles to Ukraine.[31] The first three Gepards arrived in Ukraine on 25 July 2022.[32] By 8 March 2023, 34 Gepards had been delivered, with an additional 3 still being prepared.[33] On 13 May 2023, the German Defence Ministry announced an additional fifteen Gepards would be sent to Ukraine,[34] bringing the total number pledged by Germany to 52. These last 15 were sourced from Qatar. All 52 Gepards pledged by Germany were delivered December 22, 2023.
PRTL X Band60
(pending delivery)		 Netherlands
 Jordan		Acquired from Jordan by the USA. 30 to be delivered before the end of 2023, the remaining 30 to be delivered by end of May 2024.[35]

Former operators

  •  Belgium: 55 delivered, withdrawn from service[7] and sold to private companies.[36] 38 are currently owned and stored for resale in Belgium by OIP Land Systems.[37]
  •  Chile: Former user. Four vehicles delivered in 2008, and returned in January 2011. Equipment originally operated by the Bundeswehr. Order of 30 vehicles canceled due to high overhaul/upgrade costs.[7][38]
  •  Germany: 420 originally built for the Bundeswehr (195 B2 and 225 B2L with additional laser rangefinder). During the 1980s they equipped the anti-aircraft artillery regiments of the eleven German mechanized divisions with six batteries each and one additional corps level battalion with three batteries for a total of 69 batteries of six Gepard each. About 220 B2L were later modernised to Gepard 1A2 and equipped five active and the same number of reserve battalions of three batteries with seven Gepard each. This number was further reduced with the planned fielding of MANTIS and the change in military strategy to out-of-area missions. The last 94 of these remained in service until 2010 when they were gradually phased out until 2012 due to high maintenance costs. Many of Germany's retired Gepards remain in outdoor storage with KMT's subsidiary Battle Tank Dismantling GmbH Koch in Rockensußra, Thuringia.[39]
  •  Jordan: 60 were purchased from retired Dutch surplus[7] for 21 million dollars.[40] In May 2023, the Pentagon confirmed that an undisclosed number had been purchased by the U.S. for $118 million using funds from the Ukraine Security Assistance Initiative, with an expected delivery date of May 30, 2024.[41][42] According to the German Defense Ministry, the U.S. plans to deliver up to 30 of these to Ukraine before the end of 2023.[43] In November it was confirmed that the USA had bought all 60 of Jordan's Gepards for Ukraine as part of the $118 million deal, with the remaining 30 expected to be delivered by May 2024.[35][44]
  •  Netherlands: 95 delivered, withdrawn from service and placed in storage as of 2006; 60 sold to Jordan in 2013.[40]
  •  Qatar: In December 2020, it was announced that a license had been issued for the export of a total of 15 Gepard anti-aircraft vehicles to Qatar. Furthermore, four automatic cannons, 30 barrels, 16,000 rounds of ammunition and 45 breechblocks will be delivered as spare parts. These were purchased in order to ensure air security for the 2022 FIFA World Cup. In early 2023, German government officials began negotiating with Qatar the possible purchase of their 15 Gepards to send these to Ukraine.[45] In May 2023, it was reported that all 15 Gepards were repurchased by Germany for Ukraine, with Ukraine's ambassador for Germany later filmed in front of one of the ex-Qatari Gepards on a training site.[46][47] Germany purchased the Gepards from Qatar for US$64 million, roughly double the price they were sold to Qatar for a few years earlier.[48]

Comparable systems

References

  1. 1 2 3 Tanks and armored fighting vehicles: visual encyclopedia. New York: Chartwell Books. 2012. p. 298. ISBN 9780785829263. OCLC 785874088.
  2. ↑ "Der 'Gepard' hat ausgedient" [The 'Cheetah' has served its purpose]. KN (in German). 9 March 2010. Archived from the original on 31 March 2010. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  3. ↑ "Putin is Angry: Gepard 'Flakpanzers' Heading to Ukraine to Kill Russian Planes". 1945. 3 December 2022.
  4. 1 2 3 Brimelow, Benjamin. "A 1960s-era cannon is 'kicking ass' against Russia's drones, but the country that makes ammo for it won't send more to Ukraine". Business Insider. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  5. 1 2 Board, The Editorial (2022-07-25). "Opinion | Germany's Gepard Tanks Finally Reach Ukraine". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  6. ↑ "Gepard 35-mm Self-Propelled Anti-Aircraft Gun | MilitaryToday.com". www.militarytoday.com. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Nash, Mark (2017-10-16). "Flakpanzer Gepard". Tank Encyclopedia. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  8. 1 2 Axe, David. "Ukraine's Nearly 50-Year-Old Gepards Are Still The Best Air-Defense Guns In The World". Forbes. Retrieved 2023-12-31.
  9. ↑ "Russia's modern drones destroyed by 1970s German weapons : Frontline". Times Radio. YouTube. 6 December 2023.
  10. ↑ "Ukrainian army uses together German Gepard air defense gun system and Russian SA-8 missile system". Army Recognition. 2022-09-27. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  11. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (26 July 2022). "Can Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson from Russia?". the Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  12. ↑ Nikolov, Boyko (2022-07-31). "Norway-delivered Gepard SPAAG 35mm shells are useless in Ukraine". BulgarianMilitary.com. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  13. ↑ "Military support for Ukraine". Government of Germany. 2022-09-20. Archived from the original on 2022-09-20.
  14. ↑ Nikolov, Boyko (2022-09-26). "German Gepard SPAAG works together with Soviet Osa-AKM in Ukraine". BulgarianMilitary.com. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  15. ↑ Stritzel, Björn; Zahrebelny, Dmytro; Berg, Lars (2022-11-02). "Ukrainer bejubeln deutsches System: Dieser Gepard schießt die Mullah-Drohnen ab" [Ukrainians rejoice at German system: This Gepard shoots down the Mullah drones]. Bild (in German). Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  16. ↑ "35 mm × 228 HEI/SD and HEI-T/SD". Nammo. Retrieved 2022-11-02.
  17. ↑ Sprenger, Sebastian (2022-10-06). "Ukraine to target Russia's bases of Iran-supplied explosive drones". Defense News. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  18. ↑ Grynszpan, Emmanuel (2022-10-24). "Ukraine launches Android app to track and destroy kamikaze drones". Le Monde. Retrieved 2022-11-01.
  19. ↑ Maksim Panasovskyi (2022-11-03). "The Ukrainian military told how German Gepard anti-aircraft tanks destroy Shahed-136 – one unit shot down more than 10 Iranian drones". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  20. ↑ "Germany to send seven additional Gepard tanks to Ukraine". Reuters. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  21. ↑ "Ancient anti-aircraft guns are taking on a new mission amid Russia's war in Ukraine". Business Insider. 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  22. ↑ Russians destroy first German Gepard anti-aircraft gun system in Ukraine with Lancet drone. Army Recognition. 29 April 2023.
  23. ↑ gepardtatze [@gepardtatze] (April 28, 2023). "Jepp. Funktioniert noch" (Tweet). Retrieved 22 December 2023 – via Twitter. 'Mehr wollt ich nicht wissen.'
  24. ↑ Revill, John (7 February 2023). "Analysis: Swiss neutrality on the line as arms-for-Ukraine debate heats up". Reuters.
  25. ↑ "Germany to send seven additional Gepard tanks to Ukraine". Reuters. 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2022-12-03.
  26. ↑ "German ammunition plant to sidestep Swiss re-export ban". Swiss Broadcasting Corporation SRG SSR. 15 December 2022.
  27. ↑ Germany to produce ammo for air defense guns sent to Ukraine. Associated Press. 14 February 2023.
  28. ↑ Germany ships first batch of new Gepard ammo to Ukraine. Defense News. 5 September 2023.
  29. ↑ "Brazilian Army will acquire 36 Gepard anti-aircraft guns". Army Recognition. December 10, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Complexul antiaerian autopropulsat 'GHEPARD'" [Self-propelled antiaircraft complex 'Cheetah'] (in Romanian). Romanian Ministry of Defence. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009. Retrieved 16 April 2010.
  31. ↑ "Germany to send anti-aircraft tanks to Ukraine in policy shift". Guardian News & Media Limited. 26 April 2022. Retrieved 26 April 2022.
  32. ↑ Sabbagh, Dan (26 July 2022). "Can Ukrainian forces recapture Kherson from Russia?". The Guardian. Retrieved 26 July 2022.
  33. ↑ "Military support for Ukraine". Federal Government of Germany. 8 March 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  34. ↑ "Germany unveils biggest-ever Ukraine military package". canberratimes.com.au. 13 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-05-13.
  35. 1 2 ""Dit is het perfecte wapen tegen drones"" (in Dutch). De Telegraaf. 13 November 2023.
  36. ↑ Goossens, Kasper (5 January 2023). "Zelfmoorddrones neerschieten kost Oekraïne handen vol geld. België kan die kostprijs helpen drukken, maar weigert voorlopig". Business AM (in Dutch). Retrieved 17 January 2023.
  37. ↑ "Belgian buyer of Europe's spare tanks hopes they see action in Ukraine". Guardian. 31 January 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  38. ↑ "Chile devolve os Gepard". Segurança e defesa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2011-01-23.
  39. ↑ "Lagern hier Gepard-Panzer für die Ukraine? Jürgen Todenhöfer kündigt Proteste an" (in German). Berliner Zeitung. 27 May 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  40. 1 2 "Jordanië koopt overtollige tanks" [Jordan buys surplus tanks]. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting (in Dutch). 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2022-11-05.
  41. ↑ "U.S. Department of defense Contracts For May 31, 2023". 31 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023.
  42. ↑ "MAYHEM In Kyiv! US 'Speeds-Up' Deployment Of Gepard Anti-Drone Systems To Counter Russian UAVs". Eurasian Times. 2 June 2023.
  43. ↑ ""Was die russischen Streitkräfte vorbereitet haben, wirkt sehr professionell"" (in German). Die Welt. 27 June 2023.
  44. ↑ ""US purchases 60 Gepard anti-aircraft guns from Jordan to send to Ukraine"". Kyiv Independent. 13 November 2023.
  45. ↑ "Germany approves Leopard 1 delivery to Ukraine, in talks with Qatar over Gepards". Reuters. 2 February 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2023.
  46. ↑ "Neue Waffenlieferungen für die Ukrain: Das "Gepard"-Rätsel" (in German). Süddeutsche Zeitung. 18 May 2023.
  47. ↑ "Deutschland hat offenbar Flakpanzer Gepard aus Katar zurückgekauft" (in German). Handelsblatt. 20 July 2023.
  48. ↑ "Gepardy z Kataru wkrótce na Ukrainie" (in Polish). Defence24. 27 July 2023.
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