The ship mill at Minden, Germany.

A ship mill, more commonly known as a boat mill, is a type of watermill. The milling and grinding technology and the drive (waterwheel) are built on a floating platform on this type of mill.[1] Its first recorded use dates back to mid-6th century AD Italy.[2]

Technology

A ship mill (drawing 1 after H.Ernst, 1805)
A ship mill (drawing 2 after H.Ernst, 1805)

Between barge and boat well is the undershot water wheel, which is driven by the flowing water of the current. There is also evidence of water mills for which both sides had a narrower water wheel, similar to an old paddle steamer. The floating platform is anchored at the most intense point in the current, to the bridge piers for easy access to the mill, or to the shore.

Floating allows the mill to operate with the same power despite changing water levels. The efficiency of the mill can at best match a standard undershot mill. Ship mills could potentially run full-time, good for tasks that demanded constant power.

Ship mills could be drawn to shore (due to shipping, rafting, ice) when needed. In central Europe ship mills were, as most water and wind mills, owned by lords or monasteries. Ship mills in Central Europe have not remained; after the advent of riverboat traffic, they became a hindrance. Ship mills last about fifty years.

History

In the 537 siege of Rome, supplies were interrupted by the Goths from providing the population with vital flour from the surrounding water mills. Also, the aqueducts that supplied Rome with water and some cities which had water-driven mills could no longer work. The solution devised by the Eastern Roman general Belisarius was the "reverse principle of a water mill" - the ship mills, which were anchored on the Tiber river around Rome.[2]

It was a type of watermill powered by water wheels mounted on the sides of vessels moored in midstream, preferably close to bridges where the current is stronger. From then on, the ship mill spread to Europe, reaching Paris (556), Geneva (563) and Dijon (c. 575).[3]

Ship mills were developed in the Islamic world some time between the 8th and 10th centuries.[4] They were employed along the Tigris at Mosul in 10th-century Iraq, where large ship mills made of wood and iron could produce 10 tons of flour from corn daily for the granary in Baghdad.[5] In 1184, Ibn Jubayr described ship mills in the same region on the Khabur River.[5] From the lack of records, it appears that they did not spread further to Iran.[6]

From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of milling in Northern Europe.[4] Since then, ship mills were common in much of Europe until the 19th century, with a few of them surviving today.[7]

The German terms "Schiffsmühle" or "Schiffmühle" are used according to local language preferences.

Geographical spread of ship mills

German ship mills on the Rhine at Cologne, around 1411.
Ship mills under a bridge in Paris in the 1310s.

Ship mills were used on most major rivers in Europe.

Tourism

There are some replicas of ship mills:

There are also ship mills on land, as monuments:

  • In Magdeburg (Germany), on the banks of the Elbe. There were once up to 23 pieces.
  • In Bad Düben (Germany) in the castle grounds, there is the mountain ship mill, formerly with the grain as crushed.


Notes

  1. ↑ "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819 (see below: External links).
  2. 1 2 Wikander 2000, p. 383
  3. ↑ Wikander 2000, p. 384
  4. 1 2 Hill, Donald (2013). A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times. Routledge. pp. 163–166. ISBN 9781317761570.
  5. 1 2 Hill 1984, p. 137
  6. ↑ Harverson 1993, p. 176, fn. 31
  7. ↑ Forbes 1965, pp. 105f.

References

  • Forbes, R. J. (1965), Studies in Ancient Technology, vol. 2 (2nd ed.), Leiden: E. J. Brill, pp. 105f.
  • Harverson, Michael (1993), "Watermills in Iran", Iran, 31: 149–177, doi:10.2307/4299897
  • "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819 (see below: External links).
  • Heinrich Ernst: Anweisung zum praktischen Mühlenbau. Leipzig 1805.
  • Hill, Donald (1984), "Information on Engineering in the Works of Muslim Geographers", History of Technology, 9: 127–142
  • Daniela Gräf, "Boat Mills in Europe from Medieval to Modern Times". Veröffentlichungen des Landesamtes für Archäologie, Sachsen 51, 2006.
  • J. Mager, G. Meißner, W. Orf: Die Kulturgeschichte der Mühlen ("The Cultural History of Mills"), Leipzig 1988.
  • Adam Meltzer: Mühlenbaukunst ("Mill Architecture"), Merseburg 1805.
  • "Wien - 22. Bezirk/Donaustadt", Wien.gv.at, 2008, webpage (15 subpages): Wien.gv.at-donaustadt (in German).
  • Wikander, Örjan (2000), "The Water-Mill", in Wikander, Örjan (ed.), Handbook of Ancient Water Technology, Technology and Change in History, vol. 2, Leiden: Brill, pp. 371–400, ISBN 90-04-11123-9
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipmills.
  • Historische Schiffsmühle, Magdeburg (Sachsen-Anhalt/Germany ...Historical ship mill, Magdeburg (Saxony-Anhalt/Germany) - photos and videos tagged with ship mill, webpage: flickr.com-9676.
  • "Deutsches Museum: Ship Mill", The Deutsches Museum's collections: Ship Mill (Model), 1819, webpage: mill/ deutsches-museum.de-ship-mill (English).

German webpages


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