Forging temperature is the temperature at which a metal becomes substantially more soft, but is lower than the melting temperature, such that it can be reshaped by forging.[1] Bringing a metal to its forging temperature allows the metal's shape to be changed by applying a relatively small force, without creating cracks. For most metals, forging temperature is approximately 70% of the absolute temperature (usually measured in kelvins) of its melting point.

Selecting the maximum forging temperature allows metals to be forged more easily, lowering the forging pressure and thus the wear on metal-forming dies.[2] The temperature at which a metal is forged can affect the homogeneity in microstructure and mechanical properties of forged products, which can highly affect the performance of products used in manufacturing.[3]

Material Forging Temperature Melting point[lower-alpha 1]
Celsius Fahrenheit °C
Carbon steel - 0.50% carbon content 1230[2] 2246 ~1425-1540
Stainless steel (Nonmagnetic) 1150 2102 ~1400-1530
Stainless steel (Magnetic) 1095 2003 ~1400-1530
Nickel 1095 2003 1453
Titanium 955 1751 1660
Copper 900 1652 1083
Brass (25 alloy types with varying ratios of copper and zinc) 815 1499 ~900-940
Commercial bronze (90% copper and 10% tin) 900 to 419.53 1652 to 787.154 ~950
Aluminium 300 - 480[4] 600 - 900 660
Zinc 419.53 787.154 420
Lead 327.46 621.428 327
Iron[5] 1371 2500 1535
Tin 231.93 449.474 232

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ The temperatures of alloys vary depending on the ration of metals mixture

References

  1. ↑ "Metals - Melting Temperatures". The Engineering ToolBox.
  2. 1 2 "Forging of Carbon Steels". Metal Pass.
  3. ↑ Irani, M.; Karimi Taheri, A. (2008). "Effect of forging temperature on homogeneity of microstructure and hardness of precision forged steel spur gear" (PDF). Materials Chemistry and Physics. 112 (3): 1099–1105. doi:10.1016/j.matchemphys.2008.07.044.
  4. ↑ 'Aluminum and Aluminum Alloys" edited by Joseph R. Davis, p248
  5. ↑ "Forging Iron: A Tutorial". 18 October 2018.
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