Formica obscuripes
F. obscuripes worker
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Class: Insecta
Order: Hymenoptera
Family: Formicidae
Subfamily: Formicinae
Genus: Formica
Species:
F. obscuripes
Binomial name
Formica obscuripes
Forel, 1886

Formica obscuripes, the western thatching ant, is a species of ant in the family Formicidae. It is native to North America. It produces large mounds covered by small pieces of plant material.[1] The number of adult workers per colony may be as high as 40,000.[2] F. obscuripes feeds upon a number of insect species, consumes nectar from homopterous insects they tend, and occasionally eats plant tissue.[1]

Nests

mound
mound (close-up)
mound with workers

F. obscuripes creates distinct, dome-shaped mounds composed of varying materials found in the nest's surrounding environment. This composition is primarily vegetation and is commonly called "thatch". The mounds are typically constructed in areas devoid of cover to expose the nest to sunlight. The size of these mounds is highly variable and is mostly determined by the age and health of the colony. The height ranges from 1 to 18 inches (15–45 cm), although nests of larger heights are not uncommon, and can extend down to 4 ft (1.2 m) in the ground, with chambers present in both the thatched mound and the soil. The condition of the thatched mound is in a constant state of change due to activities by the ants and changes in the environment.[3] To prevent plants from shading the nest, the ants may chew off the bark at the base of plants growing on or nearby the mound. Formic acid is then sprayed into the open layer eventually killing and felling the plants.[4]

Chemistry

The poison sprayed by ‘’Formica obscuripes’’, consists of formic acid, eight straight-chain alkanes, a branched-chain alkane and five alkenes. The major component, formic acid, varied from 8 to 96% and averaged 73% of the volatiles in the secretion. A variation was also seen with the second most abundant compound, undecane, which ranged from 3 to 63% of the sprayed secretion and averaged 19%. [5]


Supercolonies

In the Blue Mountains of Oregon, F. obscuripes has demonstrated the capacity for polydomy. A supercolony in a four-hectare (9.9 acre) study area near Lehman Hot Springs consisted of 210 active nests with an estimated population in excess of 56 million ants.[6]

References

  1. 1 2 Heikkinen, M. W. (1999). "Negative effects of the western thatching ant (Formica obscuripes) on spiders (Araneae) inhabiting big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)". Great Basin Naturalist. 59 (4): 380–383.
  2. ↑ Capinera, J. L. (2008). Encyclopedia of Entomology, Volume 3. Springer. p. 4215. ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1.
  3. ↑ Weber, N (1935). "The Biology of the Thatching Ant, Formica rufa obscuripes Forel, in North Dakota" (PDF). Ecological Monographs. 5 (2): 165–206. Bibcode:1935EcoM....5..165W. doi:10.2307/1948522. JSTOR 1948522.
  4. ↑ Cole, S.C. Jr. (1932). "The Thatching Ant, Formica obscuripes Forel" (PDF). Psyche. 39 (1–2): 30–33. doi:10.1155/1932/61715.
  5. ↑ Faith G. W.; Sollers B. G.; D Feeny R. M.; Wood W. J. L.; Wood W. F. (2011). "Chemical analysis of the defensive secretion from the western thatching ant, Formica obscuripes". Journal of Undergraduate Chemistry Research. 10: 15–17.
  6. ↑ J. McIver, T. Torgersen and N. Cimon. A supercolony of the thatch ant Formica obscuripes Forel (Hymenoptera:Formicidae) from the Blue Mountains of Oregon. Northwest Science vol 71 issue 1, Feb 1997 (full-text)
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