19th century

The line was opened by Minister for Railways Thomas Bent in 1881

In 1881, the Frankston line began operations by the Victorian Railways on a single tracked line from Caulfield to Mordialloc.^[8] Mordialloc station was officially opened on 19 December 1881 by Sir Thomas Bent, who was the Minister of Railways, and later becoming the Premier of Victoria between 1904 and 1909.^[8][9] The first train to arrive at Mordialloc was a special service from Princes Bridge, which collected school children from the Brighton area. Further specials occurred during the day, with proper timetabled services commencing the following day. Six services were provided upon opening and, apart from two services, all were shuttle services operating between Caulfield and Mordialloc.^[8]

In August 1882, operations were extended from Mordialloc to Frankston.^[10] The section of track from Caulfield to Mordialloc was duplicated in 1888.^[11] In 1883 the line between Richmond station and South Yarra was quadrupled to accommodate an increase in train services due to the opening of Frankston and Sandringham lines.^[12]

In 1885, a number of level crossing removal works occurred between Flinders Street station and South Yarra due to an increase in freight and passenger operations.^[13] These crossings were removed through a combination of lowering and raising the corridor.^[13]

20th century

Chelsea station following the duplication in 1910

The original bridge over the Patterson River (pictured here) was rebuilt in 1974

In 1910, the remaining track from Mordialloc to Frankston was duplicated. In 1915, the line between South Yarra and Caulfield was quadrupled, as part of level crossing removal works. This section of the line was lowered into a cutting to eliminate numerous level crossings.^[14] Power signalling was provided between Richmond and Hawksburn at the same time, then on to Caulfield in 1921.^[15]

Electrification of the line to Frankston occurred in three stages during 1922. In March 1922, the section from South Yarra to Glen Huntly station was electrified, with the section to Mordialloc being electrified in June 1922, and the final section to Frankston being completed by August 1922.^[16][17] The electrification of the line allowed for the introduction of Swing Door electric multiple unit trains for the first time.^[16][18]

The introduction of power signalling on the line begun in 1933 with the section from Caulfield to Glen Huntly, with the remainder of the line converted in stages from 1958 to 1986.^[15] The current bridge over the Patterson River was provided in 1974, replacing the previous trestle bridge.^[19] Triplication of the line from Caulfield to Moorabbin from two to three tracks was announced by Transport Minister Steve Crabb in 1984, at a cost of A$10 million. Construction of the additional track was designed to increase peak hour capacity and to provide express services on the corridor, with time savings of more than 10 minutes from Frankston. Work begun in July that year with a completion by the end of 1985.^[20] The intorudction of services on the new track was delayed by two years till June 1987.^[21] Further plans announced in the 1970s included the extension of the third track to Mordialloc, however, these plans failed to materialise.^[22]

In 1981, Frankston line services commenced operations through the City Loop, after previously terminating at Flinders or Spencer Street stations.^[23] The commencement of operations involved the service stopping at three new stations—Parliament, Melbourne Central (formally Museum), and Flagstaff.^[24] The Loop follows La Trobe and Spring Streets along the northern and eastern edges of the Hoddle Grid.^[25] The Loop connects with Melbourne's two busiest stations, Flinders Street and Southern Cross, via the elevated Flinders Street Viaduct.^[25]

21st century

A 2007, restructure of train ticketing in Melbourne involved the removal of Zone 3, with Zone 3 stations being re-classified to Zone 2.^[26] This brought the cost of train fares down, improving system accessibility to the public. All stations between Patterson and Frankston were rezoned to Zone 2.^[27]

Southland station was opened in November 2017

At the 2010 state election, both the Labor Party and the Liberal Party promised to provide a new Premium station between Highett and Cheltenham, to serve the Westfield Southland shopping centre.^[28] The station was projected to cost $13 million, and would have two platforms, an information booth, and shelters with a projected usage of 1,400 passengers daily. The project was scheduled to be completed by 2014, however, no progress was made till after the 2014 state election.^[29] The new station opened on 26 November 2017 as Southland station.^[30] In 2013, the line, along with the Werribee and Williamstown lines, were upgraded as part of the Bayside Rail Project. The upgrade included station refurbishments, track, signal, and electrical upgrades to allow X'Trapolis trains to operate on these lines.^[31]

In 2021, the metropolitan timetable underwent a major rewrite, resulting in all Frankston line trains operating direct between Richmond and Flinders Street before continuing onto the Werribee and Williamstown lines. Under these changes, Frankston services no longer operate via the City Loop, with an additional 45 new services each week.^[32] The additional services upgraded frequencies to a train every 5 minutes in peak hour, every 10 minutes throughout the day, and every 20 minutes until midnight.^[32]

Level Crossing Removals

Cheltenham station was lowered to remove the adjacent crossing at Charman road

The Level Crossing Removal Project has announced the removal of all 23 remaining level crossings on the Frankston line, to be completed in stages from 2016 to 2029.^[7] Different removal packages have been announced in 2014, 2018, and 2022 to coincide with different state elections and to be delivered in stages up until 2029.^[33][34][7] All of the various removals have involved the rail under or rail over methods, with some crossing closures also undertaken by the Project. At the conclusion of the project, all level crossings between the city and Frankston station will be full grade operated through a variety of methods.^[7]

Return to City Loop

When the new cross-city rail corridor being built by the Metro Tunnel opens in 2025 there will be a reorganisation of the Melbourne rail network.^[35] The Victorian Department of Transport and Planning plans to return the Frankston line to the City Loop, with dedicated use of the Caulfield group tunnel track.^[36] This will mean Frankston line trains will no longer through-run with Werribee and Williamstown line trains, and will again stop at City Loop stations Flagstaff, Melbourne Central and Parliament.^[36] Werribee and Williamstown services would instead continue onto the Sandringham line.^[36]

Stage 4 of the Network Development Plan – Metropolitan Rail proposed that the Craigieburn and Frankston lines be joined via a reconfigured City Loop sometime in the 2030s.^[37]

Baxter Extension

Baxter station of the Stony Point line

In 2013, as part of Public Transport Victoria's Network Development Plan for metropolitan rail, an extension of the Frankston line to Baxter was earmarked to begin in the "long-term", which would equate to at least 2033.^[38] In 2018, the Liberal Party announced a project to extend electrified services to Baxter during the 2018 state election.^[39] The project would have included the removal of all crossings between Frankston and Baxter, duplication and electrification works, the construction of one (or two) new stations, and the reconstruction of stations along the corridor.^[40][41] The Federal Liberals announced $450 million of joint funding for the project promised between the state and federal governments.^[40] The incumbent Andrews Labor government argued that the project was not needed, instead prioritising funding to other projects across the state.^[40]

A business case commissioned by the government was completed in 2019 with no further progress being made.^[6]

Again in the lead up to the 2022 state election, the Liberal opposition supported the electrification to Baxter.^[42] The incumbent Andrews government made no commitments to the Baxter rail extension, instead continuing construction on level crossing removal works along the Frankston line.^[42] The 2022 state election resulted in another Labor victory, with the Andrews government pushing ahead with these works, with the extension to Baxter remaining stagnate ever since.

Services

Services on the Frankston line operates from approximately 4:00 am to around 11:30 daily.^[17] In general, during peak hours, train frequency is 10 minutes during the peak period while services during non-peak hours drops to 10–20 minutes throughout the entire route.^[3] Rather than running through the City Loop, services continue onto the Werribee (express or via the Altona Loop) or Williamstown lines (with varying frequencies).^[38] On Friday nights and weekends, services run 24 hours a day, with 60 minute frequencies available outside of normal operating hours.^[43]

Qube Holdings's BlueScope steel train towards Long Island in May 2022

Freight operations occur (usually) twice-daily, with Qube Holdings operating services to the Long Island steel mills and the Port of Hastings. Trains to Melbourne run approximately at 4 am and during the mid-afternoon, while trains from Melbourne run approximately at midnight and noon.^[44]

Train services on the Frankston line are also subjected to maintenance and renewal works, usually on selected Fridays and Saturdays. Shuttle bus services are provided throughout the duration of works for affected commuters.^[45]

Operators

Connex Melbourne operated the line for 5 years from 2004 till 2009

The Frankston line has had a total of 7 operators since its opening in 1881. The majority of operations throughout its history have been government run: from its first service in 1881 until the 1999 privatisation of Melbourne's rail network, four different government operators have run the line.^[47] These operators, Victorian Railways, the Metropolitan Transit Authority, the Public Transport Corporation, and Bayside Trains have a combined operational length of 118 years.^[47]

Bayside Trains was privatised in August 1999 and later rebranded M>Train. In 2002, M>Train was placed into receivership and the state government regained ownership of the line, with KPMG appointed as receivers to operate M>Train on behalf of the state government.^[48][49][50] Two years later, rival train operator Connex Melbourne took over the M>Train operations including the Frankston line. Metro Trains Melbourne, the current private operator, then took over the operations in 2009. The private operators have had a combined operational period of 24 years.^[51]

Route

Frankston line
km Multiple lines via North Melbourne City Loop 1.2 Southern Cross ●●●●●●● 2.5 Flagstaff ●●●● 3.1 Melbourne Central 4.3 Parliament ●● 0.0 Flinders Street ●● 0.1 Princes Bridge (closed) Hurstbridge & Mernda lines to Jolimont City Loop 1.8 Botanic Gardens (dismantled) 2.3 Punt Road (Hoddle Highway) 2.6 Richmond ●●●●●●■ 2.7 Swan Street Alamein, Belgrave, Glen Waverley & Lilydale lines to Burnley 3.4 Cremorne (dismantled) 3.6 Cremorne Bridge CityLink Yarra River 4.2 South Yarra ●■ 4.3 Toorak Road (Burwood Highway) Sandringham line to Sandringham Melbourne Metro Tunnel to Footscray (under construction) 5.4 Hawksburn 5.6 Williams Road 6.7 Toorak 7.3 High Street 7.4 Armadale 8.7 Glenferrie Road 8.9 Malvern ■■■ 9.2 Dandenong Road (Princes Highway) 10.6 Caulfield ●●●●■ Bairnsdale/Traralgon, Cranbourne & Pakenham lines to Dandenong 11.8 Neerim Road (Removing by 2023) 12.2 Glen Huntly ■ 13.0 Rosstown Railway (dismantled) Connection never built 13.8 North Road 13.8 Ormond 14.6 McKinnon 15.2 Bentleigh 15.4 Centre Road 16.2 Patterson 17.1 South Road 17.2 Moorabbin 17.3 Nepean Highway 18.8 Highett 20.2 Southland 21.1 Cheltenham 23.0 Balcombe Road 23.1 Mentone 23.9 Warrigal Road (Removing by 2025) 24.7 Parkdale 25.8 Nepean Highway 26.5 Mordialloc 26.9 Mordialloc Creek 29.1 Aspendale 30.4 Edithvale 30.5 Edithvale Road (State Highway) 32.1 Chelsea 33.4 Bonbeach 34.4 Patterson River 34.9 McLeod Road 34.9 Carrum 36.6 Crystal Sand Siding (dismantled) 36.7 Monolyte Siding (dismantled) 37.3 McCulloch's Siding (dismantled) 37.9 Kelvin's Siding (dismantled) 38.0 Albion Sand Siding dismantled) 38.1 Seaford 40.2 Kananook 41.2 Overton Road (Dandenong Valley Highway) 42.7 Frankston ● Stony Point line to Stony Point km

The Frankston line forms a somewhat linear route from the Melbourne central business district to its terminus in Frankston. The route is 42.7 kilometres (26.5 mi) long and is predominantly doubled tracked, however between Flinders Street station and Richmond, the track is widened to 12 tracks, narrowing to 6 tracks between Richmond and South Yarra before again narrowing to 4 tracks between South Yarra and Caulfield.^[52] After Caulfield station, the track again narrows to 3 tracks, which is remain till Moorabbin when the track narrows to two tracks. The centre track is signalled for bidirectional operation, allowing for express trains overtaking stopping trains in the peak direction. After changing from Werribee and Williamstown services at Flinders Street, Frankston line traverses mainly flat country with few curves and fairly minimal earthworks for most of the line. However, between South Yarra and Malvern, the rail corridor has been lowered into a cutting to eliminate level crossings, and between Malvern and Caulfield, the corridor has been raised on an embankment for the same reason.^[53] After Caulfield, the line formerly had numerous level crossings, however, all have now been abolished through numerous rail trenches and rail bridges.^[7] Remaining level crossings on the line will be removed by 2029 under other level crossing removal works.

The line follows the same alignment as the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines with the three services splitting onto different routes at Caulfield. The Frankston line continues on its south eastern alignment, whereas the Cranbourne and Pakenham lines takes an eastern alignment towards their final destinations.^[54] From Mentone, the line is never more than ~1 kilometre (0.6 mi) from the eastern shore of Port Phillip Bay, and runs alongside the Nepean Highway for much of its length. At Frankston station, electrified services terminate with Metro Trains operated diesel services continuing to Stony Point.^[55] Most of the rail line goes through built-up suburbs and some industrial areas, with small sections of the line passing through more open countryside, passing by open fields and farms.^[54]

Stations

The line serves 28 stations across the length of the line. The stations are a mix of elevated, lowered, underground, and ground level designs. Underground stations are present only in the City Loop, with the majority of elevated and lowered stations being constructed as part of level crossing removals.^[56] From 2023, Glen Huntly station will be lowered as part of level crossing removal works. In 2025, Parkdale station will be elevated, with Highett, Mordialloc, and Seaford stations being elevated from 2029 for similar works. Aspendale station will also be lowered from 2029.^[57]

Station	Accessibility	Opened	Terrain	Train connections	Other connections
Flinders Street	Yes—step free access	1854[5]	Lowered	16 connections  Alamein line   Belgrave line   Craigieburn line   Cranbourne line   Flemington Racecourse line   Gippsland line   Glen Waverley line   Hurstbridge line   Lilydale line   Mernda line   Pakenham line   Sandringham line   Sunbury line   Upfield line   Werribee line   Williamstown line
Richmond	No—steep ramp	1859[5]	Elevated	8 connections  Alamein line   Belgrave line   Cranbourne line   Gippsland line   Glen Waverley line   Lilydale line   Pakenham line   Sandringham line
South Yarra		1860[5]	Lowered	3 connections  Cranbourne line   Pakenham line   Sandringham line
Hawksburn		1889
Toorak		1879[5]
Armadale
Malvern				2 connections  Cranbourne line   Pakenham line
Caulfield			Ground level	3 connections  Cranbourne line   Gippsland line   Pakenham line
Glen Huntly	Yes—step free access	1881[5]	Lowered
Ormond
McKinnon		1884[5]
Bentleigh		1881[5]
Patterson		1961[5]	Elevated
Moorabbin	No—steep ramp	1881[5]	Lowered
Highett	Yes—step free access		Ground level
Southland		2017[5]
Cheltenham		1881[5]	Lowered
Mentone
Parkdale		1919[5]	Ground level
Mordialloc	No—steep ramp	1881[5]
Aspendale	Yes—step free access	1891[5]
Edithvale		1919[5]	Lowered
Chelsea		1907[5]
Bonbeach		1926[5]
Carrum		1882[5]	Elevated
Seaford		1913[5]	Ground level
Kananook		1975[5]
Frankston		1882[5]		1 connection  Stony Point line

Rolling stock

A Comeng train arriving into the old McKinnon station prior to its 2016 rebuild

The Frankston line uses three different types of electric multiple unit (EMU) trains that are operated in a split six-car configuration, with three doors per side on each carriage. The primary rolling stock featured on the line is the Comeng EMUs, built by Commonwealth Engineering between 1981 and 1988.^[59] These train sets are the oldest on the Melbourne rail network and subsequently will be replaced by the mid-2030s.^[60] Siemens Nexas EMUs are also widely featured on the line, originally built between 2002 and 2005 these train sets feature more modern technology than the Comeng trains.^[61] The final type of rolling stock featured on the line is the X'Trapolis 100 built by Alstom between 2002 and 2004, and 2009 and 2020.^[4] All of these rolling stock models are widely used on other lines across the metropolitan network and work as the backbone of the network.

Alongside the passenger trains, Frankston line tracks and equipment are maintained by a fleet of engineering trains. The four types of engineering trains are: the shunting train; designed for moving trains along non-electrified corridors and for transporting other maintenance locomotives, for track evaluation; designed for evaluating track and its condition, the overhead inspection train; designed for overhead wiring inspection, and the infrastructure evaluation carriage designed for general infrastructure evaluation.^[62] Most of these trains are repurposed locomotives previously used by V/Line, Metro Trains, and the Southern Shorthaul Railroad.^[62]

Accessibility

The rebuilt Bonbeach station has tactile boarding indicators and elevators

In compliance with the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992, all stations that are new-built or rebuilt are fully accessible and comply with these guidelines.^[64] The majority of stations on the corridor are fully accessible, however, some stations have not been upgraded.^[65] These stations do feature ramps, however, they have a gradient greater than 1 in 14.^[65] Stations that are fully accessible feature ramps that have a gradient less than 1 in 14, have at-grade paths, or feature lifts.^[65] These stations typically also feature tactile boarding indicators, independent boarding ramps, wheelchair accessible myki barriers, hearing loops, and widened paths.^[65][66]

Projects improving station accessibility have included the Level Crossing Removal Project, which involves station rebuilds and upgrades and other individual station upgrade projects.^[67][68] These works have made significant strides in improving network accessibility, with more than 68% of Frankston line stations classed as fully accessible. This number is expected to grow within the coming years with the completion of level crossing removal works on the corridor by 2029.^[69]

Signalling

The Frankston line uses three position signalling which is widely used across the Melbourne train network.^[70] Three position signalling was first introduced in 1915, with the final section of the line converted to the new type of signalling in 1976.^[71]