Furia
Furia ithacensis on a Rhagio mystaceus male. Rock Creek Park, Washington, DC, USA.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Entomophthoromycota
Class:
Entomophthoromycetes
Order:
Entomophthorales
Family:
Entomophthoraceae
Genus:
Furia

R. A. Humber, 1989 [1]
Synonyms

Zoophthora subgen. Furia, A. Batko, 1966

Furia is a genus of fungi within the family of Entomophthoraceae of the Zygomycota.[2] This has been supported by molecular phylogenetic analysis (Gryganskyi et al. 2012).[3]

Originally created in 1966 by Polish mycologist Andrzej Batko (1933-1997), as a subgenus of Zoophthora, The genus name of Furia is derived from the Latin furia - this is due to stress the destructive effect of the epizootic of this type species of the subgenus in populations of Lepidoptera caterpillars.[4] American mycologist Richard A. Humber raised Furia to the generic level.[1]

Distribution

It has been recorded being found mainly in America and Europe (especially in Great Britain) also Spain,[5] with a few sparse discoveries world wide,[6] such as Mexico,[7] and Brazil.[8] In Poland and Austria, and a few other parts of Europe, the presence of the fungus Furia shandongensi W.M. Wang, W.H. Lu & Z.Z. Li (1994) has been found on earwigs.[9]

Species notes

Furia ithacensis is a species of the pathogenic fungus in America that causes a fatal disease in flies, specifically snipe flies (Rhagio sp.). The infected 'zombified' fly-host makes its a journey to some vegetation, normally the underside of a leaf and most often during the evening hours. By morning, the fly will already have been dead for hours. Its fungus-ridden cadaver will be perched on the leaf with its wings spread as though ready to take flight. Its dead body is bound to the leaf by hundreds of hyphae. The hyphae are specialized so that they grab the leaf with a strong sucker-like protrusions. The cadaver attracts new fly victims, especially searching males that are prompted by their sexual attraction to these flies. During the night, the fungus had been busy producing and expelling spores. These spores showered the environment surrounding the fly cadaver like fungal bullets of death. So, as curious flies and also males inspect the cadaver, they pick up the fungal spores, and the infection cycle starts again.[10][11]

The forest tent caterpillar (FTC), Malacosoma disstria Hubner (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is a cyclic defoliator (leaf eater) of North American forests, including Florida,[12] and from Maryland and New York (state). Furia crustosa is now classed as a synonym of Furia gastropachae.[13] The fungus Furia gastropachae (Racib.) S. Keller has long been associated with FTC population decline. The species of fungus rarely infects species outside the genus Malacosoma. In 2002, Resting spores were observed even within the cadavers infected by other resting spores, a phenomenon not previously observed among the Entomophthorales. This allows the fungus to initiate cycles of secondary infection via conidia'. Also, host infection by resting spores was highest at intermediate levels of soil moisture. Infection of fourth instar larvae by resting spores and conidia was maximized at cooler temperatures (of 10 to 20 °C).[14]

Furia vomitoriae affects bluebottle flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae). It forms masses of conidiophores erupting through the intersegmental areas (or clear bands) on the abdominal dorsum of the flies in Mexico.[7]

Furia virescens (Thaxt.) Humber infects moth species of Agrotis, causing black, shrivelled larva and Furia montana infects adult two-winged flies of the species Dipters.[15][16]

Species

As accepted by Species Fungorum;[17]

  • Furia americana (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)
  • Furia creatonoti (D.F. Yen ex Humber) Humber (1989)
  • Furia ellisiana (Ben Ze'ev) Humber (1989)
  • Furia fujiana Y.J. Huang & Z.Z. Li (1993)
  • Furia fumimontana (Bałazy) S. Keller (2005)
  • Furia gastropachae (Racib.) S. Keller (2005)[14]
  • Furia ithacensis (J.P. Kramer) Humber (1989)[10]
  • Furia montana (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)
  • Furia neopyralidarum (Ben Ze'ev) Humber (1989)
  • Furia pieris (Z.Z. Li & Humber) Humber (1989)
  • Furia shandongensis W.M. Wang, W.H. Lu & Z.Z. Li (1994)
  • Furia virescens (Thaxt.) Humber (1989)[15]
  • Furia vomitoriae (Rozsypal) Humber (1989)[7]
  • Furia zabri (Rozsypal ex Ben Ze'ev & R.G. Kenneth) Humber (1989)

Former species; (all family Entomophthoraceae)[17]

  • F. crustosa (D.M. MacLeod & Tyrrell) Humber (1989) = Furia gastropachae
  • F. gloeospora (Vuill.) Z.Z. Li, B. Huang & M.Z. Fan (1997) = Pandora gloeospora
  • F. triangularis (Villac. & Wilding) Z.Z. Li, M.Z. Fan & B. Huang (1998) = Erynia triangularis

References

  1. 1 2 Humber, R. A. 1989. Mycotaxon 34, 441-460.
  2. ↑ Elya, Carolyn; De Fine Licht, Henrik H. (12 November 2021). "The genus Entomophthora: bringing the insect destroyers into the twenty-first century &". IMA Fungus. 12 (34): 34. doi:10.1186/s43008-021-00084-w. PMC 8588673. PMID 34763728.
  3. ↑ Gryganskyi AP, Humber RA, Smith ME et al (2012) Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota. Mol Phylogenet Evol 65:682–694. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2012.07.026
  4. ↑ Batko, A. 1966. Acta Mycologica, 2, 15-21.
  5. ↑ H.R. Engelmann (J. Cramer, Editor) Nova Hedwigia, Volume 73; Volume 73 (2001), p. 167, at Google Books
  6. ↑ "Furia (A.Batko) Humber, 1989". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  7. 1 2 3 Sanchez-Pena, Sergio R. (April 2000). "Entomopathogens from two Chihuahuan desert localities in Mexico, Projects: Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, in north-eastern Mexico". BioControl. 45 (1): 63–78. doi:10.1023/A:1009915308907. S2CID 6876392.
  8. ↑ Leite, Luis G.; Alves, Sérgio B.; Batista Filho, Antonio; Roberts, Donald W. (July 2003). "Effect of salts, vitamins, sugars and nitrogen sources on the growth of three genera of Entomophthorales: Batkoa, Furia, and Neozygites". Mycol Res. 107 (7): 872–8. doi:10.1017/s0953756203007974. PMID 12967215.
  9. ↑ Tkaczyk, Cezary; Bałazy, Stanisław; Krzyczkowski, Tomasz; Wegensteiner, Rudolf (2011). "Extended studies on the diversity of arthropod-pathogenic fungi in Austria and Poland". Acta Mycologica. 46 (2): 211–222. doi:10.5586/am.2011.014.
  10. 1 2 Young, Christine. "Furia ithacensis - Pathogenic Fungus on Snipe Fly (Rhagio sp.) - by Christine Young - JungleDragon". www.jungledragon.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  11. ↑ "Snipe fly infected by a fungus, Furia ithacensis". YouTube. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  12. ↑ Samson, Robert A.; Nigg, Herbert N. (June 1992). "Furia crustosa, Fungal Pathogen of Forest Tent Caterpillar in Florida". The Florida Entomologist. 75 (2): 280–284. doi:10.2307/3495633. JSTOR 3495633.
  13. ↑ Filotas, Melanie J.; Hajek, Ann E.; Humber, Richard A. (2 April 2012). "Prevalence and biology of Furia gastropachae (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) in populations of forest tent caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)". The Canadian Entomologist. Cambridge University Press. 135 (3): 359–378. doi:10.4039/n02-004. S2CID 85393118.
  14. 1 2 Filotas, Melanie Jacqueline (2002). "Biology and Ecology of Furia Gastropachae a Fungal Pathogen of the Forest Tent Caterpillar Malacosoma Disstria". Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  15. 1 2 "Furia virescens (an entomophagous fungus)". www.bioinfo.org.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  16. ↑ Waterhouse, G.M.; Brady, B.L. (1982). "Key to the Species of Entomophthora sensu lato". Bull. Br. Mycol. Soc. 16 (2): 113–143. doi:10.1016/S0007-1528(82)80006-0.
  17. 1 2 "Furia - Search Page". www.speciesfungorum.org. Species Fungorum. Retrieved 29 December 2022.
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