| Fusarium redolens | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Sordariomycetes |
| Order: | Hypocreales |
| Family: | Nectriaceae |
| Genus: | Fusarium |
| Species: | F. redolens |
| Binomial name | |
| Fusarium redolens Wollenw., (1913) | |
| Synonyms | |
|
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens (Wollenw.) W.L. Gordon, (1952) | |
Fusarium redolens is a species of fungus in the genus Fusarium and family Nectriaceae.[1] This species is a soil-borne plant pathogen in temperate prairies.[2] It causes diseases such as root, crown, and spear rot, seedling damping-off, and wilting disease.[1][3][4] It is a known producer of the alkaloids peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside, which has implications for traditional Chinese medicine.[5]
Taxonomy and phylogenetics
Fusarium redolens was described for the first time by Hans Wilhelm Wollenweber in 1913.[2] He originally placed it in the Fusarium section Elegans. All of the members of this group were considered synonymous with Fusarium oxysporum. However, this placing was disputed, and it has since been discovered through gene genealogies that F. redolens does not belong in the Elegans group and F. redolens is not even a sister taxon of F. oxysporum. Fusarium hostae has been found as a sister taxon to F. redolens, and they form a strongly supported clade (100% bootstrap).[6]
Description
Mycelium
The mycelium of F. redolens is composed of hyphae that have been noted to appear fibrous, powdery, or like “cotton wool.”[7] Mycelia can be white, cream, or pink.[2][8][9] The central region appears pink and gradually lightens towards the edge where the marginal hyphae are white.[9] F. redolens produces orange and brown pigments in the growth substrate.[2][7] Colonies have been observed to grow to 75–80 mm in 10 days.[2]
Spores
F. redolens has conidia and chlamydospores. Conidia are generally smooth, cylindrical, and slightly sickle-shaped.[9] Macroconidia have wider upper cells and hook-shaped end cells. Macroconidia have 3-5 septa and are about 45.9 by 2.58 micrometers in size. Microconidia are oval or cylinder-shaped and are about 10.68 by 3.18 micrometers in size. Chlamydospores are abundant and spherical or oval-shaped, rough-walled, and slightly pigmented.[2]
Similarity to F. oxysporum
This species’ morphology is visually indistinguishable from that of Fusaruim oxysporum.[1][3][4] Intermediates also exist between the two species.[3] These species cause similar, at times identical, symptoms in plant hosts and can occur together in infections.[1][4] Differentiating between the two species is important for the efficient management of their associated diseases through species-specific diagnostics and development of resistant germplasms in hosts.[1][6] Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is used to differentiate the two. They have four different nucleotides on the 28S gene.[3][6]
Distribution and habitat
F. redolens inhabits soil primarily in prairies.[2][8] These prairies are most often in temperate areas.[2] It is able to survive in the soil for years without a plant host.[7] It has a worldwide range and has been isolated in Algeria, Canada, China, Germany, Greece, Italy, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Morocco, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Pakistan, Poland, South Africa, Spain, Turkey, the United States, and the United Kingdom.[1][2][3][8][9][10]
Pathogenicity
Fusarium redolens is a known plant pathogen that can cause a variety of disease symptoms in the host.[5] Recorded plant hosts are Aleppo pine, American ginseng, asparagus, barley, carnation, chickpea, flax, lentil, onion, pea, pelargonium, potato, rose, soybean, spinach, tomato, wheat, and wild rocket.[1][2][3][7][8][9][10] Depending on the host, F. redolens causes root, crown, and/or spear rot, seedling damping-off, and wilt diseases.[1][3][4] Symptoms of infection include brown to black necrotic lesions on roots, foliar yellowing, wilting, reduction of emergence, stunting, and rotting of seeds and seedlings.[1][2][8][10] In some cases, seedlings have been found entirely deceased. In plants of the family Poaceae such as barley, heads and spikes are infected as well.[2] It has been noted that it is a weaker pathogen on chickpea, as infections did not kill studied chickpea plants.[1] Three host-specific strains exist and are named accordingly.[3] F. redolens f. sp. Dianthi Gerlach, F. redolens f. sp. Spinaciae (Sherb.) Subramanian, and F. redolens f. sp. asparagi Baayen.[3][4] While F. redolens causes similar symptoms in plants as Fusarium oxysporum, it is important to differentiate between these species when assessing an infection for contributions towards developing resistant germplasms in target crops.[1]
Alkaloid production
Fusarium redolens is capable of producing alkaline compounds that are similar to its host plant. Most notably, it produces peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside when inhabiting Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis (FUW) as an endophyte. Both of these compounds are major alkaloids that are found in bulbus Fritillariae cirrhosae (BFC), which is an herb sourced from FUW. BFC has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for over 2000 years to treat respiratory diseases and has a $400 million USD industry surrounding it. BFC is increasingly hard to find due to long-term excessive harvesting. The ability of F. redolens to produce peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside is highly significant for the development of microbial resources to protect plant resources. However, the capacity of fungi to produce alkaloids is not as high as the host plant, so the fungi are not yet able to be used on an industrial scale.[5]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Jiménez-Fernández, Daniel; Navas-Cortés, Juan A.; Montes-Borrego, Miguel; Jiménez-Díaz, Rafael M.; Landa, Blanca B. (2011-07-01). "Molecular and Pathogenic Characterization of Fusarium redolens, a New Causal Agent of Fusarium Yellows in Chickpea". Plant Disease. 95 (7): 860–870. doi:10.1094/PDIS-12-10-0946. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30731744.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Yeğin, Nergiz Zeynep; Ünal, Filiz; Tekiner, Nasibe; Dolar, F. Sara (2017-12-27). "First Report of Fusarium redolens Causing Root and Crown Rot of Barley (Hordeum vulgare) in Turkey". The Journal of Turkish Phytopathology. 46 (3): 101–105 – via ResearchGate.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Baayen, R.P.; van den Boogert, P.H.J.F.; Bonants, P.J.M.; Poll, J.T.K.; Blok, W.J.; Waalwijk, C. (2000). "Fusarium redolens f. sp. asaragi, Causal Agent of Asparagus Root Rot, Crown Rot and Spear Rot". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 106 (9): 907–912. doi:10.1023/A:1008766707266. S2CID 27490859.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Baayen, Robert P.; O'Donnell, Kerry; Breeuwsma, Suzanne; Geiser, David M.; Waalwijk, Cees (2001-02-22). "Molecular Relationships of Fungi Within the Fusarium redolens-F. hostae Clade". Phytopathology. 91 (11): 1037–1044. doi:10.1094/PHYTO.2001.91.11.1037. ISSN 0031-949X. PMID 18943438.
- 1 2 3 Pan, Feng; Su, Xuemei; Hu, Bo; Yang, Nan; Chen, Que; Wu, Wei (2015-06-01). "Fusarium redolens 6WBY3, an endophytic fungus isolated from Fritillaria unibracteata var. wabuensis, produces peimisine and imperialine-3β-d-glucoside". Fitoterapia. 103: 213–221. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.006. ISSN 0367-326X. PMID 25869849.
- 1 2 3 Waalwijk, Cees; de Koning, Jacq R.A.; Baayen, Robert P.; Gams, Walter (1996-05-01). "Discordant groupings of Fusarium spp. from sections Elegans, Liseola and Dlaminia based on ribosomal ITS1 and ITS2 sequences". Mycologia. 88 (3): 361–368. doi:10.1080/00275514.1996.12026663. ISSN 0027-5514.
- 1 2 3 4 Haapalainen, M.; Latvala, S.; Kuivainen, E.; Qiu, Y.; Segerstedt, M.; Hannukkala, A. O. (2016-02-20). "Fusarium oxysporum , F. proliferatum and F. redolens associated with basal rot of onion in Finland". Plant Pathology. 65 (8): 1310–1320. doi:10.1111/ppa.12521.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Esmaeili Taheri, Ahmad; Hamel, Chantal; Gan, Yantai; Vujanovic, Vladimir (2011-10-01). "First report of Fusarium redolens from Saskatchewan and its comparative pathogenicity". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 33 (4): 559–564. doi:10.1080/07060661.2011.620631. ISSN 0706-0661. S2CID 83584609.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Li, Cheng; Zhang, Manman; Li, Jinshao; Huang, Mingjin; Shao, Xianqiang; Yang, Zaifu (2022-05-01). "Fusarium redolens causes black rot disease in Gastrodia elata grown in China". Crop Protection. 155: 105933. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2022.105933. ISSN 0261-2194. S2CID 246516325.
- 1 2 3 Bienapfl, J. C.; Malvick, D. K.; Percich, J. A. (2010-08-01). "First Report of Fusarium redolens Causing Root Rot of Soybean in Minnesota". Plant Disease. 94 (8): 1069. doi:10.1094/PDIS-94-8-1069B. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30743456.