The torus can be made an abelian group isomorphic to the product of the circle group. This abelian group is a Klein four-group-module, where the group acts by reflection in each of the coordinate directions (here depicted by red and blue arrows intersecting at the identity element).

In mathematics, given a group G, a G-module is an abelian group M on which G acts compatibly with the abelian group structure on M. This widely applicable notion generalizes that of a representation of G. Group (co)homology provides an important set of tools for studying general G-modules.

The term G-module is also used for the more general notion of an R-module on which G acts linearly (i.e. as a group of R-module automorphisms).

Definition and basics

Let ${\displaystyle G}$ be a group. A left ${\displaystyle G}$-module consists of^[1] an abelian group ${\displaystyle M}$ together with a left group action ${\displaystyle \rho :G\times M\to M}$ such that

g·(a₁ + a₂) = g·a₁ + g·a₂

where g·a denotes ρ(g,a). A right G-module is defined similarly. Given a left G-module M, it can be turned into a right G-module by defining a·g = g⁻¹·a.

A function f : M → N is called a morphism of G-modules (or a G-linear map, or a G-homomorphism) if f is both a group homomorphism and G-equivariant.

The collection of left (respectively right) G-modules and their morphisms form an abelian category G-Mod (resp. Mod-G). The category G-Mod (resp. Mod-G) can be identified with the category of left (resp. right) ZG-modules, i.e. with the modules over the group ring Z[G].

A submodule of a G-module M is a subgroup A ⊆ M that is stable under the action of G, i.e. g·a ∈ A for all g ∈ G and a ∈ A. Given a submodule A of M, the quotient module M/A is the quotient group with action g·(m + A) = g·m + A.

Examples

• Given a group G, the abelian group Z is a G-module with the trivial action g·a = a.
• Let M be the set of binary quadratic forms f(x, y) = ax² + 2bxy + cy² with a, b, c integers, and let G = SL(2, Z) (the 2×2 special linear group over Z). Define

${\displaystyle (g\cdot f)(x,y)=f((x,y)g^{t})=f\left((x,y)\cdot {\begin{bmatrix}\alpha &\gamma \\\beta &\delta \end{bmatrix}}\right)=f(\alpha x+\beta y,\gamma x+\delta y),}$

where

${\displaystyle g={\begin{bmatrix}\alpha &\beta \\\gamma &\delta \end{bmatrix}}}$

and (x, y)g is matrix multiplication. Then M is a G-module studied by Gauss.^[2] Indeed, we have

${\displaystyle g(h(f(x,y)))=gf((x,y)h^{t})=f((x,y)h^{t}g^{t})=f((x,y)(gh)^{t})=(gh)f(x,y).}$

• If V is a representation of G over a field K, then V is a G-module (it is an abelian group under addition).

Topological groups

If G is a topological group and M is an abelian topological group, then a topological G-module is a G-module where the action map G×M → M is continuous (where the product topology is taken on G×M).^[3]

In other words, a topological G-module is an abelian topological group M together with a continuous map G×M → M satisfying the usual relations g(a + a′) = ga + ga′, (gg′)a = g(g′a), and 1a = a.

Notes

References

• Chapter 6 of Weibel, Charles A. (1994). An introduction to homological algebra. Cambridge Studies in Advanced Mathematics. Vol. 38. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55987-4. MR 1269324. OCLC 36131259.