A gas leak refers to a leak of natural gas or another gaseous product from a pipeline or other containment into any area where the gas should not be present. Gas leaks can be hazardous to health as well as the environment. Even a small leak into a building or other confined space may gradually build up an explosive or lethal concentration of gas.[1] Natural gas leaks and the escape of refrigerant gas into the atmosphere are especially harmful, because of their global warming potential and ozone depletion potential.[2]

Leaks of gases associated with industrial operations and equipment are also generally known as fugitive emissions. Natural gas leaks from fossil fuel extraction and use are known as fugitive gas emissions. Such unintended leaks should not be confused with similar intentional types of gas release, such as:

  • gas venting emissions which are controlled releases, and often practised as a part of routine operations, or
  • "emergency pressure releases" which are intended to prevent equipment damage and safeguard life.

Gas leaks should also not be confused with "gas seepage" from the earth or oceans - either natural or due to human activity.

Fire and explosion safety

Pure natural gas is colorless and odorless, and is composed primarily of methane. Unpleasant scents in the form of traces of mercaptans are usually added, to assist in identifying leaks. This odor may be perceived as rotting eggs, or a faintly unpleasant skunk smell. Persons detecting the odor must evacuate the area and abstain from using open flames or operating electrical equipment, to reduce the risk of fire and explosion.

As a result of the Pipeline Safety Improvement Act[3] of 2002 passed in the United States, federal safety standards require companies providing natural gas to conduct safety inspections for gas leaks in homes and other buildings receiving natural gas. The gas company is required to inspect gas meters and inside gas piping from the point of entry into the building to the outlet side of the gas meter for gas leaks. This may require entry into private homes by the natural gas companies to check for hazardous conditions.

Harm to vegetation

Gas leaks can damage or kill plants.[4][5] In addition to leaks from natural gas pipes, methane and other gases migrating from landfill garbage disposal sites can also cause chlorosis and necrosis in grass, weeds, or trees.[6] In some cases, leaking gas may migrate as far as 100 feet (30 m) from the source of the leak to an affected tree.[7]

Harm to animals

Methane is an asphyxiant gas which can reduce the normal oxygen concentration in breathing air. Small animals and birds are also more sensitive to toxic gas like carbon monoxide that are sometimes present with natural gas. The expression "canary in a coal mine" derives from the historical practice of using a canary as an animal sentinel to detect dangerously high concentrations of naturally occurring coal gas.[8]

Greenhouse gas emissions

Methane, the primary constituent of natural gas, is up to 120 times as potent a greenhouse gas as carbon dioxide. Thus, the release of unburned natural gas produces much stronger effects than the carbon dioxide that would have been released if the gas had been burned as intended.[9]

Leak grades

In the United States, most state and federal agencies have adopted the Gas Piping and Technology Committee (GPTC) standards for grading natural gas leaks.

A Grade 1 leak is a leak that represents an existing or probable hazard to persons or property, and requires immediate repair or continuous action until the conditions are no longer hazardous. Examples of a Grade 1 leak are:

  • Any leak which, in the judgment of operating personnel at the scene, is regarded as an immediate hazard.
  • Escaping gas that has ignited.
  • Any indication of gas which has migrated into or under a building, or into a foreign sub-structure.
  • Any reading at the outside wall of a building, or where gas would likely migrate to an outside wall of a building.
  • Any reading of 80% LEL, or greater, in a confined space.
  • Any reading of 80% LEL, or greater in small substructures (other than gas associated sub structures) from which gas would likely migrate to the outside wall of a building.
  • Any leak that can be seen, heard, or felt, and which is in a location that may endanger the general public or property.

A Grade 2 leak is a leak that is recognized as being non-hazardous at the time of detection, but justifies scheduled repair based on probable future hazard. Examples of a Grade 2 Leak are:

  • Leaks Requiring Action Ahead of Ground Freezing or Other Adverse Changes in Venting Conditions. Any leak which, under frozen or other adverse soil conditions, would likely migrate to the outside wall of a building.
  • Leaks requiring action within six months
  • Any reading of 40% LEL, or greater, under a sidewalk in a wall-to-wall paved area that does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
  • Any reading of 100% LEL, or greater, under a street in a wall-to-wall paved area that has significant gas migration and does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
  • Any reading less than 80% LEL in small substructures (other than gas associated substructures) from which gas would likely migrate creating a probable future hazard.
  • Any reading between 20% LEL and 80% LEL in a confined space.
  • Any reading on a pipeline operating at 30 percent specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) or greater, in a class 3 or 4 location, which does not qualify as a Grade 1 leak.
  • Any reading of 80% LEL, or greater, in gas associated sub-structures.
  • Any leak which, in the judgment of operating personnel at the scene, is of sufficient magnitude to justify scheduled repair.

A Grade 3 leak is non-hazardous at the time of detection and can be reasonably expected to remain non-hazardous. Examples of a Grade 3 Leak are:

  • Any reading of less than 80% LEL in small gas associated substructures.
  • Any reading under a street in areas without wall-to-wall paving where it is unlikely the gas could migrate to the out-side wall of a building.
  • Any reading of less than 20% LEL in a confined space.

Studies

In 2012, Boston University professor Nathan Phillips and his students drove along all 785 miles (1,263 km) of Boston roads with a gas sensor, identifying 3300 leaks.[9] The Conservation Law Foundation produced a map showing around 4000 leaks reported to the Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities.[9] In July 2014, the Environmental Defense Fund released an interactive online map based on gas sensors attached to three mapping cars which already were being driven along Boston streets to update Google Earth Street View. This survey differed from the previous studies in that an estimate of leak severity was produced, rather than just leak detection. This map should help the gas utility to prioritize leak repairs, as well as raising public awareness of the problem.[9]

In 2017, Rhode Island released an estimated 15.7 million metric tons of greenhouse gases, about a third of which comes from leaks in natural gas pipes. This figure, published in 2019, was calculated based on an assumed leakage rate of 2.7% (as that is the rate of leakage in the nearby city of Boston). The study's authors estimated that fixing the leaks would incur an annual cost of $1.6 billion to $4 billion.[10]

Regulation

Massachusetts

Legislation passed in 2014[11] requires gas suppliers to make greater efforts to control some of the 20,000 documented leaks in the US state of Massachusetts. The new law requires grade 1 and 2 leaks to be repaired if the street above a gas pipe is dug up, and requires priority be given to leaks near schools. It provides a mechanism for increased revenue from ratepayers (up to 1.5% without further approval) to cover the cost of repairs and replacement of leak-prone materials (like cast iron and non-cathodically protected steel) on an accelerated basis. The law sets a target of 20 years for replacement of pipes made from leak-prone materials if feasible given the revenue cap; as of 2015, Columbia Gas of Massachusetts (formerly named "Bay State Gas"), Berkshire Gas, Liberty Utilities, National Grid, and Unitil say they will meet this target, but NSTAR says it will take 25 years to complete.[12][13] Leaks, statistics on leak-prone materials, and financial statements are reported annually to the Department of Public Utilities, which also has responsibility for rate-setting.

Additional proposals not included in the law would have required grade 3 leaks to be repaired during road construction, and priority for leaks which are killing trees or which were near hospitals or churches.[14][15]

An attorney for the Conservation Law Foundation stated that the leaks were worth $38.8 million in lost natural gas, which also contributes 4% of the state's greenhouse gas emissions.[15] A federal study prompted by US Senator Edward J. Markey concluded that Massachusetts consumers paid approximately $1.5 billion from 2000–2011 for gas which leaked and benefited no one.[14] Markey has also backed legislation that would implement similar requirements at the national level, along with financing provisions for repairs.[14]

History

Catastrophic gas leaks, such as the Bhopal disaster are well-recognized as problems, but the more-subtle effects of chronic low-level leaks have been slower to gain recognition.

Other contexts

In work with dangerous gases (such as in a lab or industrial setting), a gas leak may require hazmat emergency response, especially if the leaked material is flammable, explosive, corrosive, or toxic.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Kletz, Trevor A. (2001). Learning from Accidents. Gulf Professional Publishing. ISBN 075064883X.
  2. ↑ Stocker, Thomas (ed.). Climate change 2013 : the physical science basis : Working Group I contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. New York. ISBN 978-1-10741-532-4. OCLC 881236891.
  3. ↑ "Text of H.R. 3609 (107th): Pipeline Safety Improvement Act of 2002 (Passed Congress version)". GovTrack.us.
  4. ↑ Lindsay, Jay (March 26, 2007). "Trust Targets Gas Leaks That Kill Trees". The Washington Post. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  5. ↑ Joyce, Christopher. "Boston's Leaky Gas Lines May Be Tough On The Trees". NPR. National Public Radio. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  6. ↑ Fraedrich, Bruce R. "Gas Injury to Trees: Identification and Treatment" (PDF). Bartlett Tree Research Laboratories. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  7. ↑ Baniecki, John F. "Gas Leak". Tree Problems. West Virginia University Extension Service. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
  8. ↑ Doherty, Peter (2013). Their Fate is Our Fate: How Birds Foretell Threats to Our Health and Our World. Melbourne University Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-61519-182-6.
  9. 1 2 3 4 Struck, Doug (July 16, 2014). "Google Earth captures city's leaky gas pipelines". Boston Globe. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  10. ↑ Kuffner, Alex (12 September 2019). "R.I. greenhouse-gas emissions rise 45% in new calculation of methane leaks". Providence Journal. Retrieved 13 September 2019.
  11. ↑ "Acts of 2014, Chapter 149: AN ACT RELATIVE TO NATURAL GAS LEAKS".
  12. ↑ "Executive Office of Energy and Environmental Affairs" (PDF). Mass.gov. Retrieved 2018-09-15.
  13. ↑ "Gas System Enhancement Plan Orders".
  14. 1 2 3 Ailworth, Erin (July 7, 2014). "New Mass. law aims to speed repairs to gas leaks". Boston Globe. Archived from the original on 2014-07-12. Retrieved 2014-07-18.
  15. 1 2 Metzger, Andy (Jun 11, 2013). "With natural gas leaks widespread, lawmakers revisit fixes". Wicked Local Marblehead. Archived from the original on December 3, 2013. Retrieved 2013-11-28.
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