Gastrointestinal intraepithelial neoplasia (GIN or GIIN) is also known as gastrointestinal dysplasia. Gastrointestinal dysplasia refers to abnormal growth of the epithelial tissue lining the gastrointestinal tract including the esophagus, stomach, and colon. Pancreatic, biliary, and rectal Intraepithelial Neoplasia are discussed separately. The regions of abnormal growth are confined by the basement membrane adjacent to the epithelial tissue and are thought to represent pre-cancerous lesions.  

In the GI tract, tumor progression is thought to occur in a series of steps.[1] It begins with normal tissue and long-term inflammation causes the cells to undergo atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally, becomes an adenoma or carcinoma.[2] Given this progression, these lesions represent a potentially cancerous growths and an important opportunity to prevent gastrointestinal cancer.

Epidemiology

Cancers of the GI tract (esophageal, gastric, and colorectal) are on the rise. Over the last 30 years there has been an increase in incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus, gastroesophageal junction, and gastric cardia.[3] Gastric cancer is the fourth most common malignant tumor and third most common cause of cancer related death. When gastric cancer is caught early, the five year survival rate is estimated to be around 90%.[4][5] However when diagnosed at an advanced stage, survival falls to less than 30%. Colorectal cancer has demonstrated an increasing incidence in younger populations with the US lifetime risk estimated to be about 4%.[6] Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer related deaths with the highest burden found in Australia, New Zealand, Europe, and North America.[7][8]  

Signs and symptoms

Signs and symptoms vary based on the location of the tumor and as this is a pre-cancerous stage, many patients are asymptomatic. Symptoms associated with all types of GI cancers include weight loss, abdominal pain, and anemia. Specific symptoms include:

Esophageal lesion:

  • trouble swallowing (dysphagia)
  • painful swallowing (odynophagia)
  • regurgitation of food
  • aspiration of food
  • hoarseness
  • cough[9][10]

Gastric lesion:

  • early satiety
  • nausea
  • vomiting.

Colorectal lesions:

  • change in bowel movements[11]
  • darkly colored stool (melena)
  • rectal bleeding[8]

Risk factors

Risk factors also vary significantly based on the location and type of tumor. Risk factors for esophageal cancer include GERD, obesity, excessive alcohol use, and smoking. Other risks identified include high temperature foods, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and esophageal dysbiosis.[3][12][13][14]

Risks for gastric cancer include chronic gastritis or inflammation. This can be caused by H Pylori infection, autoimmune gastritis,[15]  high salt diet, and smoking.[16]

Colorectal cancer risk increases with increased consumption of red meat, low fiber diet, alcohol use, and obesity. A number of conditions may also increase your risk of colorectal cancer such as irritable bowel disease, familial adenomatous polyposis, lynch syndrome, and cystic fibrosis.[3]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis of these lesions is made through histologic examination of tissue samples obtained via endoscopic biopsy. When examining the samples, the histologist looks for evidence of dysplasia which is defined as “unequivocal neoplastic epithelium confined to the basement membrane”.[17]

According to the WHO classification of Digestive System Tumors, these lesions are classified based on a two tier system.[18] The two tiers or classifications are low or high grade dysplasia. Low grade dysplasia means that the tissue maintains the glandular structure, cellular variance (pleomorphism) is mild or absent, nuclei maintain basal polarity and mitotic activity is not markedly increased. Where as high grade dysplasia includes features such as complex glandular architecture, marked deviation from the cells typical appearance (unusually large nuclei with prominent nucleoli), loss of typical cellular structure, and frequent mitotic figures.

Classification/grading

Paris Classification

The Paris Classification system, established in 2002, is used to classify superficial neoplastic lesions of the gastrointestinal tract based on their endoscopic appearance. This system of classification is clinically significant as it enables estimation of the depth of tumor invasion.[19]

Type Description Subclasses
1 Polypoid p: protruded, pedunculated

s: sessile

2 Nonpolypoid a: slightly elevated

b: flat

c: slightly depressed

3 Excavated

Stomach

Vienna Classification

The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal neoplasia was published in 2000 in an attempt to resolve differences in diagnoses between Eastern and Western trained pathologists. This system utilizes cytology, depth of invasion, and architectural severity.[20]

Category Classification Subclasses
1 Negative for neoplasia/dysplasia
2 Indefinite for neoplasia/dysplasia
3 Non-invasive low grade neoplasia (low grade adenoma/dysplasia)
4 Non-invasive high-grade neoplasia Category 4
  1. High grade adenoma
  2. Non-invasive carcinoma
  3. Suspicion of invasive carcinoma
5 Invasive neoplasia Category 5
  1. intramucosal carcinoma
  2. Submucosal carcinoma

Japanese Society for Gastroenterological Endoscopy classification

The classification system commonly used to classify early gastric cancers was established in 1998 in Japan. This system utilizes visual and endoscopic features for classification and was developed to better assess which lesions were at higher risk of invasion.[21]

Type Type Subclasses
1 Polypoid/protuberant 1p: pedunculated

1ps/sp: Subpedunculated

1s: sessile

2 Flat 2a: superficial elevated

2b: flat

2c: flat depressed

3 Ulcerated
4 Lateral spreading tumor

References

  1. ↑ Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process--First American Cancer Society Award Lecture on Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Res. 1992;52(24):6735-6740.
  2. ↑ Fearon, Eric R.; Vogelstein, Bert (June 1990). "A genetic model for colorectal tumorigenesis". Cell. 61 (5): 759–767. doi:10.1016/0092-8674(90)90186-I. PMID 2188735. S2CID 22975880.
  3. 1 2 3 Napier KJ, Scheerer M, Misra S. Esophageal cancer: A Review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, staging workup and treatment modalities. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2014;6(5):112-120. doi:10.4251/wjgo.v6.i5.112
  4. ↑ Ferlay J, Shin HR, Bray F, et al. Estimates of worldwide burden of cancer in 2008: GLOBOCAN 2008. Int J Cancer. 2010;127:2893–917.
  5. ↑ Kamangar F, Dores GM, Anderson WF. Patterns of cancer Incidence,mortality,and prevalence across five continents: defining priorities to reduce cancer disparities in different geographic regions of the world. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2137–50.
  6. ↑ Global Burden of Disease 2019 Cancer Collaboration, Kocarnik JM, Compton K, et al. Cancer Incidence, Mortality, Years of Life Lost, Years Lived With Disability, and Disability-Adjusted Life Years for 29 Cancer Groups From 2010 to 2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. JAMA Oncol. 2022;8(3):420-444. doi:10.1001/jamaoncol.2021.6987
  7. ↑ Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin. 2023;73(1):17-48. doi:10.3322/caac.21763
  8. 1 2 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Goding Sauer A, et al. Colorectal cancer statistics, 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2020;70:145-164. doi:10.3322/caac.21601
  9. ↑ Obermannová R, Alsina M, Cervantes A, et al. Oesophageal cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann Oncol. 2022;33(10):992-1004. doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.07.003
  10. ↑ Cavallin F, Scarpa M, Cagol M, et al. Esophageal Cancer Clinical Presentation: Trends in the Last 3 Decades in a Large Italian Series. Ann Surg. 2018;267(1):99-104. doi:10.1097/SLA.0000000000002048
  11. ↑ Thompson MR, O'Leary DP, Flashman K, Asiimwe A, Ellis BG, Senapati A. Clinical assessment to determine the risk of bowel cancer using Symptoms, Age, Mass and Iron deficiency anaemia (SAMI). Br J Surg. 2017;104(10):1393-1404. doi:10.1002/bjs.10573
  12. ↑ Abnet CC, Arnold M, Wei WQ. Epidemiology of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma [published correction appears in Gastroenterology. 2018 Oct;155(4):1281]. Gastroenterology. 2018;154(2):360-373. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.08.023
  13. ↑ Pandeya N, Williams G, Green AC, Webb PM, Whiteman DC; Australian Cancer Study. Alcohol consumption and the risks of adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterology. 2009;136(4):1215-e2. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.12.052
  14. ↑ Muszyński D, Kudra A, Sobocki BK, et al. Esophageal cancer and bacterial part of gut microbiota - A multidisciplinary point of view. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1057668. Published 2022 Nov 16. doi:10.3389/fcimb.2022.1057668
  15. ↑ Rawla P, Barsouk A. Epidemiology of gastric cancer: global trends, risk factors and prevention. Prz Gastroenterol. 2019;14(1):26-38. doi:10.5114/pg.2018.80001
  16. ↑ Mantziari S, St Amour P, Abboretti F, et al. A Comprehensive Review of Prognostic Factors in Patients with Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(5):1628. Published 2023 Mar 6. doi:10.3390/cancers15051628
  17. ↑ Riddell, R. H., H.Goldman, D. F.Ransohoff, et al. Dysplasia in inflammatory bowel disease: standardized classification with provisional clinical applications.Hum Pathol1983. 14:931–968.
  18. ↑ Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, et al. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology. 2020;76(2):182-188. doi:10.1111/his.13975
  19. ↑ Participants in the Paris Workshop (December 2003). "The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon". Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. 58 (6): S3–S43. doi:10.1016/s0016-5107(03)02159-x. (subscription required)
  20. ↑ Schlemper, R J (1 August 2000). "The Vienna classification of gastrointestinal epithelial neoplasia". Gut. 47 (2): 251–255. doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.251.
  21. ↑ Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese Classification of Gastric Carcinoma. 2nd English Edition. Gastric Cancer 1998; 1:10.
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