Morocco became a highly repressive country under the absolute monarchy of King Hassan II, and continues to be considered repressive under the reign of King Mohammed VI, though the latter has instituted some reforms. Dozens of journalists, artists, and ordinary citizens are regularly sentenced to lengthy prison sentences for exercising basic rights enjoyed elsewhere in the world, such as freedom of the press, protesting the government, or criticizing government officials. Morocco heavily restricts basic human rights, such as freedom of speech, the right to assembly, and the right to criticize officials. Moroccans also feel the pressures of inflation within the country, such as the lack of basic services like healthcare, clean water, and the difficulty of parents to access quality education for their children. While there have been a handful of reforms that have been generally welcomed internationally, most Moroccans feel this is insufficient, and continue to be unhappy with the trajectory of the country under the policies of King Mohammed VI, despite his transition of the government to an ostensible constitutional monarchy.[1] Under his father, King Hassan II, Morocco had one of the worst human rights records in Africa and the world, especially during the time period known as the "Years Of Lead", which lasted from the early 1960s until the late 1980s; it was a period in the country's history that was known for the brutal repression of political dissent and opposition, that involved wide-scale arrests, arbitrary detention, lengthy imprisonment, and even killings of political opponents. Currently, Morocco continues to face some of these issues, as well as other human rights problems, such as poor prison conditions, the mistreatment of women and the LGBT community, and the widespread use of torture by police. Despite the considerable improvements made in the last several years under the leadership of King Mohammed VI, who has rolled back some of his father's harshest decrees, repression of political dissidence, and torture of citizens by officials, is still commonplace in Morocco today.

This article deals with Morocco and not the disputed Western Sahara. See Human rights in Western Sahara in that regard. Morocco administers 80% of the territory, hence Moroccan law applies to its "Southern Provinces".

Freedom of expression

Freedom of the press is quasi-absent and many journalists are thought to practice self-censorship. Questioning the legitimacy of the monarchy or the actions of the King is taboo and questioning the kingdom's "territorial integrity" (i.e. the annexation of Western Sahara) is illegal. In 2005 the well-known Moroccan journalist Ali Lmrabet was "banned from practising journalism for 10 years" and fined 50,000 Dirhams (about 4,500 euros) for reporting about conflict in Western Sahara, according to Reporters Without Borders. As of 2007 Lmrabet is still barred from working as a journalist. Many high-profile Moroccan journalists, such as Aboubakr Jamai, Ali Anouzla, Ahmed Benchemsi and Rachid Niny, have been reduced to silence through a combination of imprisonment, heavy fines, advertising boycott and distribution/withholding of state funds. Many online journalists were sentenced to prison for criticizing the King or denouncing rampant corruption by King-appointed governors. Their cases were much less publicised internationally because they were often young journalists writing for small publications or covering regional news (such as Mohammed Erraji from Agadir who was sentenced to 2 years in prison in 2010 for criticising the King's speech)

Between 2000 and 2007, with the appearance in the scene of a few independent francophone magazines, such as Tel Quel and Le Journal Hebdomadaire and their sister Arabic counterparts (e.g. Assahifa Al Ousbouia), government control over the media has moved somewhat from direct intervention to more subtle pressures, such as the use of lawsuits and libel cases.[2]

On May 2, 2007, the New York City-based NGO Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ) published their annual report on the "10 countries where press freedom has most deteriorated" where it reported that according to CPJ Executive Director Joel Simon; "Democracy's foothold in Africa is shallow when it comes to press freedom" and that Morocco was among the "Top 10 Backsliders" in 2007 after "having been considered as a leader in its region".[3] In the report, Morocco was considered, along with Tunisia, as the country which "sentences the most journalists to prison in the Arab world".

According to the 2013 Press Freedom Index, Reporters Without Borders has ranked Morocco 136 out of 179, a drop from the 89th position the country held in 2002. As of the 2015 Index, the same organization had placed Morocco at 130 out of 180 countries.

According to Human Rights Watch annual report 2016, Moroccan authorities restricted the rights to peaceful expression, association and assembly through several laws. The authorities continue to prosecute print and online media when they criticize the government, and the king. In addition, authorities imposed administrative obstacles to restrict journalists' work. In Rabat, the police expelled two French journalists and confiscated their tapes claiming that they have no filming authorization. The report said that Moroccan official television allows some space for debate and criticism. However, such debate does not tackle significant issues.[4]

In June 2020, an investigation by Amnesty International alleged that Moroccan journalist Omar Radi, was targeted using the Israeli spyware Pegasus. The rights group claimed that the journalist was targeted three times and spied after his device was infected with an NSO tool. Meanwhile, Amnesty also claimed that the attack came after the NSO Group updated their policy in September 2019.[5]

On 19 April 2022, the Human Rights Watch reported that Rabie al-Ablaq, a social media commentator, risks up to four years in prison on a charge of disrespecting the king. On 11 April 2022, a court in the northern city of al-Hoceima tried the commentator. He was charged on behalf of two videos posted on Facebook and YouTube in which he addressed the king in a casual tone and contrasted his personal wealth to Morocco's widespread poverty.[6]

Moroccan authorities used indirect and underhanded tactics to silence critical activists and journalists. In the 129-page report, “They’ll Get You No Matter What: Morocco’s Playbook to Crush Dissent,” the Human Rights Watch documented a range of tactics that, when used together, form an ecosystem of repression, aiming not only to muzzle dissenting voices but to scare off all potential critics.[7]

It is a criminal offence in Morocco to undermine the monarchy: in August 2023, a Moroccan resident of Qatar was sentenced to five years' imprisonment for criticising the King's policy decisions on Facebook.[8]

Political persecution

Government repression of political dissent has dropped sharply since the mid-1990s. The previous decades are sometimes described as the Years of Lead (Les Années de Plomb), and included forced disappearances, killings of government opponents and secret internment camps such as Tazmamart. To examine the abuses committed during the reign of King Hassan II (1961–1999), the government has set up an Equity and Reconciliation Commission (IER), which is to rehabilitate the victims and pay compensation for state outrages against them.[9] This has been hailed internationally as a big step forward, and an example to the Arab world. However, the IER has also come under attack from parts of the human rights-community, since its mission was not to reveal the identities of or prosecute human rights offenders, which most of the victims were requesting.[10]

There are also persistent allegations of violence against Sahrawi pro-independence and pro-Polisario demonstrators[11] in Western Sahara, considered by Morocco as its Southern Provinces, and Morocco has been accused of detaining Sahrawi independentists as prisoners of conscience.[12]

In May 2006 a delegation from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (UNHCHR) visited the disputed territory of Western Sahara and its report from the visit sharply criticized the lack of basic human rights in the region, in particular regarding the Saharawi population. The secret report has been leaked and can be found at for example ARSO.org.

Later the same year, in October, Morocco stopped a planned and earlier agreed visit of a delegation from the European Parliament. The decision came less than 48 hours before the delegation was to leave for Rabat and Western Sahara. The mission was to study alleged human rights violations from both Polisario and the Moroccan authorities.[13][14][15] (texts in English and French).

Morocco claimed that the majority of the members of the delegation were known supporters of the Polisario front, and thus the neutrality of the delegation was not assured. The president of the delegation, Mr Ioannis Kasoulides, contested these allegations saying the composition of the group was not for Morocco to decide, and besides Morocco had already earlier accepted the composition of the group and had furthermore been allowed to influence its visiting program.

Freedom of religion

Freedom of religion is generally observed, with some limitations.[16] According to the spokesman for the Moroccan government, "the Kingdom does guarantee not only freedom of worship, but also the building of places of worship for Christians and Jews as well as performing their rituals freely and respectfully.".[17]

It is illegal to proselytize for religions other than Islam (article 220 of the Penal Code, 15 years' imprisonment).[18][19]

There still exists a Moroccan Jewish community, although most Jews emigrated in the years following the creation of Israel in 1948.

Social rights and equality

Children

In Morocco, thousands of children—predominantly girls and some as young as eight—work illegally in private homes as domestic workers, where they often encounter physical and verbal violence, isolation, and seven-day-a-week labor that begins at dawn and continues until late at night. They are poorly paid and almost none attend school. Domestic workers, including children, are excluded from Morocco's Labor Code, and as a result do not enjoy the rights afforded to other workers, including a minimum wage or limit to their hours of work.

However, under Moroccan family law (2004 mudawana) and its Constitution (2012), it is illegal to have minor domestic workers.[20][21]

Women and family

In 2004, the Moroccan parliament took steps to improve the status of women and children,[16] and has passed a new family law, Mudawanat al Usra (English Family Code), which is widely regarded as very progressive by regional standards. For example, men are now permitted only one wife unless their wife signs an agreement. In addition to being candidates in mixed electoral lists, women have a national list in parliamentary elections that allow them for at least 10% of the seats.

In parallel, and in September 2006, a national observatory to fight violence against women was founded. Many state departments, administrations, universities as well as national female associations are sought to coordinate efforts together.[22]

In 2006, the Moroccan citizenship was transferred to the children via the father. Soumya Naâmane Guessous, a Moroccan sociologist has launched a campaign for the transmission of Moroccan citizenship by the mother to her children. The ability for mother to pass their citizenship onto their children does not appear in the Mudawana code but was granted by a royal decision in October 2006.[23]

Recently, in 2009, new legislation has also allowed women to divorce their husbands without the consent of the husband.

Berber identity

Berber activists regularly contend that under the banner of Arabization, their unique language and culture are being repressed in favor of an Arab one. This is viewed as discrimination and method of marginalization.[24] However, on October 17, 2001, the Royal Institute of the Amazigh Culture was founded to maintain and develop the Amazigh languages and culture.

Police and army reforms

In 2006 Morocco started implementing a few reforms related to policing and the army. On October 16 of the same year a newly established Groupes urbains de sécurité (GUS) (Urban Security Groups) police unit was disbanded.

While many Moroccans regarded the presence of GUS as a relief, many others considered it as a step back to the rule of the Makhzen.[25]

The disbanding came after many criticisms about excesses or abuses of power were noted. Some irresponsible actions of certain members of the unit turned over the public opinion which became discreditory.

GUS was also accused of corruption. In many cases, civil offenders used to pay a bribe (between 10 and 20 dirhams) which led to the appearance of the popular nickname; "10 drahem".[26]

Capital punishment and imprisonment

Hadj Mohammed Mesfewi being executed by immurement in Marrakesh, 1906

While capital punishment remains a legal penalty in Morocco, no executions have taken place since 1993, when Mohamed Tabet was executed following a 10-year moratorium. He was executed for various serious offences including rape, kidnapping, abduction and barbaric acts. It is reported that he raped and sexually assaulted up to 1,500 women over a period of 13 years.[27] Between 1956 and 1993, 198 people were sentenced to death, with the Equity and Reconciliation Commission estimating that 528 people were killed during Hassan II's reign in both judicial and extrajudicial executions.[28]

Discussing the issue in Morocco has been taboo for decades. However, human rights organizations and some liberal media outlets and left-wing political parties led by the Front of Democratic Forces have been attempting to start a capital punishment debate. As for societal and civil movements, blogs and websites have already started debating the issue.[29] The main and the newly created (2003) civil entity Coalition nationale pour l’abolition de la peine de mort au Maroc (CNAPM) (National coalition for the abolition of capital punishment in Morocco) which represents seven associations carrying the slogan Ensemble pour l'abolition de la peine de mort (Together against capital punishment) is also leading the debate.

At the political level the situation is paradoxical. Officially, the attitude of the current government is for "de facto" abolition. However, the Ministry of Justice has declared that terrorism is still an obstacle to "de jure" abolition[30] and death sentences are still being handed down, especially against terrorists. The abolition issue was recommended by the Board of the IER Equity and Reconciliation Commission.

In October 2006, it was announced that the issue was scheduled to be presented to the parliament for a vote in spring 2007. A political battle between moderate Islamist parties led by the Justice and Development Party (who advocate the death sentence as being consistent with Sharia laws) and leftist parties is expected to be difficult for both.

In April 2015, the Minister of Justice and Liberties (PJD government) made a public announcement about a bill relative to capital punishment, among other subjects. The goal is to reduce the number of crimes punishable by death penalty, from 31 to 11.[31]

Unlike other countries in Europe, Asia, and other parts of the world, including the United States, life imprisonment in Morocco is otherwise known as "perpetual confinement", thus meaning that life imprisonment in the country lasts for the rest of the natural life of the convicted person and is always imposed without the possibility of parole. Moreover, prison conditions are considered to be substandard by international standards, due to major concerns about overcrowding, the use of torture, poor infrastructure, and harsh prison rules. It is also widely reported that Morocco may have political prisoners.

The wife of Abdelqader Belliraj, a dual citizen of Morocco and Belgium, told Human Rights Watch in January 2020 of the abuse her husband is subjected to in prison since 2016. Belliraj is reportedly kept in confinement for 23 hours a day since his imprisonment and deprived of any contact with inmates. The act violates the United Nations standards on the treatment of prisoners. Belliraj is given life imprisonment for allegedly having plotted terrorism. Several of defendants along with Belliraj claimed they were abducted and made to spend weeks without communication, while being interrogated and tortured in police stations.[32]

Human rights activists have raised concerns regarding the extradition of dual Australian-Saudi citizen Dr Osama AlHasani to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, following his detention in Morocco. The supporters of the detainee have called his detention a political case and cited the demand for his extradition requested by the Saudi Arabian government. AlHassani was arrested in Morocco upon his arrival on 8 February after being allegedly accused of organizing opposition activity against Wahhabism, the Sunni Islam followed in Saudi Arabia. Clear details regarding AlHassani's arrest remain unclear. AlHassani's wife has expressed fear upon her husband's return to the kingdom, saying he may face the same fate as Jamal Khashoggi.[33][34]

One new death sentence was handed down in 2021. There are 82 people on death row in Morocco/Western Sahara.[35]

2006 CIA Black site controversy

Following the terrorist attack in Casablanca in May 2003, human rights groups accused Morocco of mistreating and torturing detainees. Some Moroccan and international media have also alleged that the country has established CIA internment camps ("black sites") on its territory, inside Temara interrogation centre where human rights violations are committed.[36] In September 2006, activists demanded that Morocco acknowledge the existence of such secret detention centers.[37]

Prior to that, Human Rights Watch's Vanessa Saenen had declared on 2005 We have information based on interviews from people who have been in Guantanamo Bay that there are secret detention centres. Even the US government doesn’t bother to hide this, and we have information from released prisoners on Jordan, on Morocco, on Egypt and Libya, but not on Romania and Poland.[38]

Human rights organizations and bodies

Historical situation

The chart shows of Morocco's ratings since 1972 in the Freedom in the World reports, published annually by Freedom House. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".[41]1

Historical ratings
Ruler2 Status Year Political Rights Civil Liberties
Hassan II Partly Free 1972 5 4
1973 5 5
1974 5 5
1975 5 5
1976 5 5
1977 3 4
1978 3 4
1979 4 4
1980 4 4
1981 4 5
19823 4 5
1983 4 5
1984 4 5
1985 4 5
1986 4 5
1987 4 5
1988 4 5
1989 4 4
1990 4 4
1991 5 5
Not Free 1992 6 5
Partly Free 1993 5 5
1994 5 5
1995 5 5
1996 5 5
1997 5 5
1998 5 4
1999 5 4
Mohammed VI Partly Free 2000 5 4
2001 5 5
2002 5 5
2003 5 5
2004 5 4
2005 5 4
2006 5 4
2007 5 4
2008 5 4
2009 5 4
2010 5 4
2011 5 4

International treaties

Morocco's stances on international human rights treaties are as follows:

International treaties
Treaty Organization Introduced Signed Ratified
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide[42] United Nations 1948 - 1958
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination[43] United Nations 1966 1967 1970
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[44] United Nations 1966 1977 1979
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[45] United Nations 1966 1977 1979
First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights[46] United Nations 1966 - -
Convention on the Non-Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity[47] United Nations 1968 - -
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid[48] United Nations 1973 - -
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[49] United Nations 1979 - 1993
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment[50] United Nations 1984 1986 1993
Convention on the Rights of the Child[51] United Nations 1989 1990 1993
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty[52] United Nations 1989 - -
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families[53] United Nations 1990 1991 1993
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women[54] United Nations 1999 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict[55] United Nations 2000 2000 2002
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography[56] United Nations 2000 2000 2001
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[57] United Nations 2006 2007 2009
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities[58] United Nations 2006 - 2009
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance[59] United Nations 2006 2007 2013
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights[60] United Nations 2008 - -
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure[61] United Nations 2011 2012 -

See also

Notes

1.^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.^ As of January 1.
3.^ The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through interpolation.

References

  1. ↑ Zamakda Allison, Safwaan (2 March 2022). "UK Parliament International Trade Committee: Trade and Foreign Policy Inquiry written evidence". UK Parliament: Committees. UK Parliament. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  2. ↑ "How Morocco's free media is silenced - pendemocracy.net". Archived from the original on 2006-07-22. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
  3. ↑ "The 10 countries where press freedom has most deteriorated". Committee to Protect Journalists. Retrieved 2007-05-30.
  4. ↑ "Morocco and Western Sahara: Events of 2015". Morocco and Western Sahara. 2016-01-12. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  5. ↑ Kirchgaessner, Stephanie (21 June 2020). "Israeli spyware used to target Moroccan journalist, Amnesty claims". The Guardian. Retrieved 21 June 2020.
  6. ↑ "Morocco: Drop Charges Against Activist". Human Rights Watch. 19 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022.
  7. ↑ "Morocco: 'Playbook' to Mask Worsening Repression". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 28 July 2022.
  8. ↑ "Moroccan man jailed for five years for criticising king in Facebook posts". Guardian. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  9. ↑ "ICTJ Activity in Morocco". International Center for Transitional Justice. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
  10. ↑ Morocco's Truth Commission: Honoring Past Victims during an Uncertain Present: V. Constraints on the ERC - Human Rights Watch (HRW.org)
  11. ↑ "afrol News - Western Sahara activists released, re-arrested in riots". www.afrol.com.
  12. ↑ "Morocco/Western Sahara: Sahrawi human rights defender on trial". Amnesty International. Archived from the original on 2006-04-22. Retrieved 2006-05-17.
  13. ↑ Communique de press de le Parlement Europeen - European Parliament
  14. ↑ Polémique autour de la délégation européenne «Sahara» - L'Economiste Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Morocco evidently has a lot to hide - Socialist Group - European Parliament Archived 2007-09-26 at the Wayback Machine
  16. 1 2 "Country Profile: Morocco" (PDF). Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. May 2006. Retrieved November 5, 2020. Public Domain This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)
  17. ↑ "Le prosélytisme est un "acte condamnable", selon l'archevêque catholique de Rabat". Maghreb Arab Press (in French). 11 March 2010. Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  18. ↑ Saeed, A.; Saeed, H. (2004). Freedom of Religion, Apostasy and Islam. Ashgate. p. 19. ISBN 9780754630838. Retrieved 2014-10-10.
  19. ↑ "Une famille française arrêtée pour prosélytisme à Marrakech". bladi.net (in French). Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  20. ↑ Becker, Jo (15 November 2012). "Moroccan Child Labor Report". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  21. ↑ "Morocco". US Department of Labor. Archived from the original on October 29, 2009. Retrieved December 22, 2012.
  22. ↑ New observatory to fight violence against women - AdnKronos International (AKI)
  23. ↑ Kid of Alien Dad May Get Moroccan Nationality - Seoul Times
  24. ↑ Prengaman, Peter (March 16, 2001). "Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language". The San Francisco Chronicle.
  25. ↑ The Moroccan authoritative system during the rule of former King Hassan II
  26. ↑ "La police marocaine veut redorer son blason". Afrik. April 21, 2005.
  27. ↑ MOROCCO: DEATH PENALTY: FIRST KNOWN EXECUTION IN ELEVEN YEARS, MOHAMED TABET - Amnesty International
  28. ↑ Morocco: Capital Punishment Could Be Killed - AllAfrica.com
  29. ↑ mort, Le Maroc contre la peine de. "Le Maroc contre la peine de mort / Blog marocain abolitionniste /". Le Maroc contre la peine de mort / Blog marocain abolitionniste /.
  30. ↑ Abolir la peine de mort - Maroc Hebdo (in French)
  31. ↑ "Mustapha Ramid: la révision du Code pénal vise à moderniser la justice pénale". PJD (in French). Retrieved 22 July 2015.
  32. ↑ "Morocco: 3 Years in Abusive Solitary Detention". Human Rights Watch. 17 January 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.
  33. ↑ Hurst, Daniel (March 2021). "Fears Australian citizen detained in Morocco may be extradited to Saudi Arabia". The Guardian. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
  34. ↑ "'I worry that his fate will be the same as Khashoggi's': Australian Osama al-Hasani's wife fears his extradition to Saudi Arabia". ABC News. 2 March 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2021.
  35. ↑ "Death sentences and executions 2021". Amnesty International. 24 May 2022. Retrieved 25 July 2022.
  36. ↑ "MI6 and CIA 'sent student to Morocco to be tortured'". The Observer. London. December 11, 2005.
  37. ↑ Hamilton, Richard (September 28, 2006). "Morocco attacked on US rendition". BBC News.
  38. ↑ Is Europe being used to hold CIA detainees? - Radio Netherlands Archived 2006-09-04 at the Wayback Machine
  39. 1 2 "Moroccan human rights groups". Amnesty International. 1991. Retrieved 10 October 2014.
  40. ↑ ""Arab Human Rights Index"".
  41. ↑ Freedom House (2012). "Country ratings and status, FIW 1973-2012" (XLS). Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  42. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 1. Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide. Paris, 9 December 1948". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  43. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 2. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. New York, 7 March 1966". Archived from the original on 11 February 2011. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  44. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 17 September 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  45. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 4. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Archived from the original on 1 September 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  46. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 5. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. New York, 16 December 1966". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  47. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 6. Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity. New York, 26 November 1968". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  48. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 7. International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid. New York, 30 November 1973". Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  49. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 18 December 1979". Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  50. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 9. Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment. New York, 10 December 1984". Archived from the original on 8 November 2010. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  51. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11. Convention on the Rights of the Child. New York, 20 November 1989". Archived from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  52. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 12. Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty. New York, 15 December 1989". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  53. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 13. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families. New York, 18 December 1990". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  54. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 8b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. New York, 6 October 1999". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  55. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11b. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict. New York, 25 May 2000". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  56. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11c. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. New York, 25 May 2000". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  57. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15. Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 19 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  58. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 15a. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. New York, 13 December 2006". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  59. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 16. International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance. New York, 20 December 2006". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  60. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 3a. Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. New York, 10 December 2008". Retrieved 2012-08-29.
  61. ↑ United Nations. "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter IV: Human Rights: 11d. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure . New York, 19 December 2011. New York, 10 December 2008". Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-29.
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