Ghazni
غزنی
12th-century Ghaznavid minaret
Ghazni under the Ghaznavids is located in Afghanistan
Ghazni under the Ghaznavids
Shown within Afghanistan
LocationGhazni, Ghazni Province, Afghanistan
Coordinates33°33′N 68°25′E / 33.550°N 68.417°E / 33.550; 68.417
TypeCity
Site notes
ConditionRuined

Ghazni is a city in southeastern Afghanistan, which served as the capital of the Ghaznavid Empire from 977 to 1163.

Etymology

The toponym Ghazni is known to have existed prior to the Islamic period. It is derived from the Iranian word Ganzak ("treasury").[1] Classical authors mention the name in various forms, including the Greek Gázaca (Γαζαχα), and the Chinese Ho(k)-si(k)-na.[2]

History of the Ghaznavid city

Background

Although not a member of the Ghaznavid family, the foundation of the Ghazni as a Ghaznavid city can be attributed to the Turkic slave commander of the Samanid Empire, Alp-Tegin, who after his unsuccessful attempt to put the Samanid prince Nasr on the throne, was forced to flee from the court in Bukhara. In 963, Alp-Tegin accompanied by his personal guard of Turkic slave-soldiers and group of Iranian ghazis left for Ghazni, which was a small town in Zabulistan ruled by the local Lawik dynasty.[3] He seized Ghazni from Abu Bakr Lawik, a kinsman of the Kabulshah, and secured his position by receiving an investiture from the Samanids as the governor of Ghazni.

Alp-Tegin died a few months later (September 963) and was succeeded by his son Abu Ishaq Ibrahim,[4] who briefly lost control of Ghazni after an invasion by its former ruler, Abu Bakr Lawik. However, he managed to regain it with Samanid aid. Some time later, Abu Ishaq Ibrahim died and was succeeded by a Turkic slave commander named Bilgetegin.

Under the Ghaznavid rulers

Dirham of Mahmud minted in Ghazni in 1024, with Caliph al-Qadir's name
Ferdowsi with the other poets from the court of Ghazni.

In 1052, the rebellious slave-soldier (ghulam) Toghrul seized Ghazni, had Abd al-Rashid killed, and had the sultan's men jailed in a stronghold. However, Toghrul's reign lasted only 15 days; he was defeated and killed by Ghaznavid loyalists, who put Farrukh-zad (r. 1053–1059) on the throne.[5]

The city's good fortune came to an unexpected and ruthless end when it was sacked and set on fire in 1151 by the Ghurid Sultan Ala al-Din Husayn (r. 1149-1161). All the tombs of the Ghaznavid rulers, with the exception of Mahmud, Mas'ud I and Ibrahim, were broken open and the remains burned. From these events, Ala ad-Din Husayn gained the nickname, Jahānsūz (meaning the World Burner).[6][7]

Monuments and inscriptions

Sultan Mas'ūd III of Ghazni built one of the Ghazni Minarets and the Palace of Sultan Mas'ūd III.[8][9]

References

  1. ↑ Bosworth 2007, p. 146.
  2. ↑ Bosworth 2007, pp. 146–147.
  3. ↑ Bosworth 1975, p. 165.
  4. ↑ Bosworth 1989, p. 898.
  5. ↑ Yusofi 1988, pp. 889–894.
  6. ↑ C.E. Bosworth, The Later Ghaznavids, 116-117.
  7. ↑ Encyclopedia Iranica, Ghaznavids, Edmund Bosworth, Online Edition 2007, (LINK Archived 2009-08-15 at the Wayback Machine)
  8. ↑ "Qasr-i Mas'ud-i Sivvum". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-24.
  9. ↑ "Manar-i Mas'ud III". Archnet. Retrieved 2021-01-24.

Sources

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