Giimbiyu
Mangerr
Native toAustralia
RegionNorthern Territory
Extinct1980s–1990s[1]
Language isolate or Arnhem Land?
  • Giimbiyu
Dialects
  • Mangerr
  • Erri
  • Urningangga
Latin (Australian Aboriginal)
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
zme  Mangerr
urc  Urningangg
err  Erre
Glottologgiim1238
AIATSIS[2]N220
ELP
Giimbiyu (purple), among other non-Pama-Nyungan languages (grey)

Giimbiyu is an extinct Aboriginal Australian language isolate once spoken by the Giimbiyu people of northern Australia.

The name Giimbiyu is a Gaagudju word for 'of the stoney country'. It was introduced in Harvey (1992) as a cover term for the named dialects,[2]

  • Mangerr (Mengerrdji)
  • Urningangga (Wuningak) and Erri (Arri)

In 1997 Nicholas Evans proposed an Arnhem Land family that includes the Giimbiyu languages. However, they are not included in Bowern (2011).[3]

Phonology

Consonants

Peripheral Laminal Apical
Labial Velar Palatal Alveolar Retroflex
Plosive p k ɟ t ʈ
Nasal m ŋ ɲ n ɳ
Fricative ɣ
Tap ɾ
Lateral ʎ l ɭ ɭʲ
Approximant w j ɻ
  • Coarticulation among consonants is also present.
  • Among consonant-coarticulation, /ɣ/ when preceding sounds /l, ɾ/ may result in being heard as a voiceless palatal [ç].

Vowels

Front Back
High ɪ u
Mid ɛ ø
Low a
  • /u/ may also be heard as [o].
  • Coarticulation among a preceding /ɪ/, may result in the vowel sound becoming more central [ɪ̈] or as a diphthong [ɪə].[4]

Vocabulary

Capell (1942) lists the following basic vocabulary items:[5]

glossMangeriUningangk
man wurilgwurig
woman ŋeːnŋeːn
head wiliŋermulŋerb
eye iːmiːm
nose jingolmingolb
mouth jagirindjaːd
tongue nindjadjindjaːd
stomach abeɽweɽeabeɽwe
bone ijermmulgud
blood maneŋulmwaija
kangaroo oidjbaɣarwurulamb
opossum muŋaːdmalijarŋ
emu wiwijüwiwidjiw
crow gagudgagud
fly muɳimuɳimaŋanaŋaɳ
sun muɣaːliŋindjuwawi
moon järagäljäragäl
fire wiɽumgarmwidjälim
smoke wuŋɛŋgwuŋɛŋg
water ogogogog

References

  1. Mangerr at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Urningangg at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
    Erre at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. 1 2 N220 Giimbiyu at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
  3. Bowern, Claire. 2011. "How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012)
  4. Birch, Bruce (2006). A first dictionary of Erre, Mengerrdji and Urningangk: three languages from the Alligator Rivers Region of North Western Arnhem Land, Northern Territory. Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation: Jabiru: Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corp.
  5. Capell, Arthur. 1941-1942, 1942-1943. Languages of Arnhem Land, North Australia. Oceania 12: 364-392, 13: 24-51.
  • McConvell, Patrick and Nicholas Evans. (eds.) 1997. Archaeology and Linguistics: Global Perspectives on Ancient Australia. Melbourne: Oxford University Press
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