Government of Edo State
Sub-national administrative division
A square logo, splitted into two halves, with a red background on one side and a white background on the other. A map of Nigeria showing the location of Edo State in red.
A map of Nigeria showing the location of Edo State in red.
Formation27 August 1991 (1991-08-27)
StateEdo State
CountryNigeria
Websitewww.edostate.gov.ng
Legislative branch
LegislatureEdo State House of Assembly
SpeakerBlessing Agbebaku
Deputy SpeakerMaria Edeko
Assembly members24
Meeting placeEdo State House of Assembly Complex
Executive branch
GovernorGodwin Obaseki
Main bodyEdo State Executive Council
Deputy GovernorPhilip Shaibu
Secretary to the State GovernmentOsarodion Ogie
Chief of Staff to the GovernorOsaigbovo Iyoha
Appointed byGovernor
HeadquartersGovernment House, Benin City
Judicial branch
CourtEdo State High Court
Chief JudgeDaniel Okungbowa
SeatEdo State High Court Complex
Other courtsEdo State Sharia Court of Appeal, Edo State Customary Court of Appeal, Edo State Magistrates' Courts, Edo State District Courts, Customary courts of Edo State, Sharia courts of Edo State

The government of Edo State serves as the governing authority for Edo State, one of the 36 states within the Federal Republic of Nigeria. It comprises three branches of government: the executive branch led by the Governor of Edo State, the legislative branch represented by the Edo State House of Assembly, and the judicial branch, including the Judiciary of Edo State and the Courts of Edo State. The state government operates under the frameworks of the Constitution of Nigeria and the Constitution of Edo State, delineating the powers, duties, and functions of state organs and institutions. It also encourages direct participation from the electorate through mechanisms such as initiative, referendum, and ratification.[1]

Established on 27 August 1991, Edo State was carved out of the former Bendel State, itself formed in 1976 through the amalgamation of the former Mid-Western Region and the former Western Region.[2] The state's capital and largest city is Benin City, historically significant as the seat of the ancient Benin Empire.[3] Geographically situated in the South South geopolitical zone, Edo State shares borders with Kogi State to the northeast, Anambra State to the east, Delta State to the southeast and south, and Ondo State to the west.[4] Covering an area of 19,559 square kilometres (7,552 sq mi), the state had a population of 4.8 million as of 2022.[5] Edo State boasts ethnic diversity, with the Edo people (or Bini) forming the largest group, followed by the Esan people, the Owan people, the Etsako people, and other smaller groups.[6] The primary language is Edo language, with English serving as the official language.[7] Major religions include Christianity, followed by Islam and traditional religions.[8]

Referred to as the "Heartbeat of the Nation," Edo State earns this title due to its strategic location, cultural heritage, and economic potential.[9] The state is a producer of commodities such as rubber, palm oil, cocoa, cassava, yam, plantain, banana, maize, rice, and groundnut. It is also endowed with mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, limestone, granite, clay, and gold.[10] Edo State features several tourist attractions, including the Benin City National Museum, the Oba's Palace, the Okomu National Park, the Ososo Tourist Centre, and the Somorika Hills.[11] The state is renowned for its arts and culture, with highlights such as the Benin bronze sculptures, the Igue festival, the Edo masquerade festival, and the Esan dance.[12]

Executive branch

The executive branch, headed by the Governor of Edo State, operates on the premise of popular election, with the governor serving a four-year term, renewable for a maximum of two terms. The governor assumes the roles of chief executive officer and chief accounting officer of the state, responsible for formulating and implementing state policies, presenting the state budget, making appointments, ensuring public order and security, and coordinating state relations.[13] The governor also holds powers to assent to or veto bills, grant pardons, declare a state of emergency, and issue executive orders and proclamations.[14]

Assisting the governor is the Deputy Governor of Edo State, elected on the same ticket, who performs functions assigned by the governor and acts as governor in the latter's absence, death, resignation, impeachment, or permanent incapacity.[15] As of the latest elections in 2020, Godwin Obaseki serves as the governor, affiliated with the People's Democratic Party (PDP), with Philip Shaibu as the deputy governor.[16]

The governor is also supported by the Edo State Executive Council, which is the highest policy-making organ of the state.[17] The executive council consists of the governor, the deputy governor, and the commissioners appointed by the governor and confirmed by the state legislature.[18][17] The commissioners head the various ministries of the state and are responsible for the administration and management of the state affairs in their respective portfolios.[19] The executive council also includes the Secretary to the State Government, who is the principal administrative officer of the state and the head of the Edo State Civil Service; the Chief of Staff to the Governor of Edo State, who is the principal political adviser to the governor and the coordinator of the governor's office; and the Head of Service of Edo State, who is the chief executive officer of the state civil service and the chairman of the Edo State Civil Service Commission.[19][20] The executive council also has other members, such as the Attorney General of Edo State, who is the chief law officer of the state and the head of the Edo State Ministry of Justice; the Auditor-General of Edo State, who is the chief accounting officer of the state and the head of the Edo State Audit Service Commission; and the Accountant-General of Edo State, who is the chief financial officer of the state and the head of the Edo State Treasury.[19][21]

The executive branch also includes several agencies, boards, parastatals, and corporations that are established by law or by executive order to perform specific functions or provide specific services for the state.[18] Some of these agencies are the Edo State Internal Revenue Service, which is responsible for the assessment and collection of the state taxes and revenues;[22] the Edo State Waste Management Board, which is responsible for the management and disposal of the state solid and liquid wastes;[23] the Edo State Oil and Gas Producing Areas Development Commission, which is responsible for the development and empowerment of the state communities affected by oil and gas exploration and exploitation;[24] the Edo State Geographic Information Service, which is responsible for the management and administration of the state land and property;[25] the Edo State Investment Promotion Office, which is responsible for the promotion and facilitation of the state investment opportunities and potentials;[26] and the Edo State Information Communication Technology Agency, which is responsible for the development and implementation of the state information and communication technology policies and programs.[27]

Legislative branch

The legislative branch of the state government is the Edo State House of Assembly, which is the unicameral legislature of the state.[28] The house of assembly consists of 24 members, who are elected by popular vote from 24 constituencies of the state for a four-year term and can serve a maximum of three terms.[28] The house of assembly is the law-making organ of the state and has the power to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the state;[29] to approve the state budget and oversee the state expenditure;[29] to confirm the governor's appointments to confirm the governor's appointments and remove them for misconduct; to impeach the governor or the deputy governor for gross misconduct;[29] and to exercise oversight functions on the executive and judicial branches.[29] The house of assembly also has the power to initiate, conduct, or request inquiries or investigations on any matter of public interest; to summon any person to appear before it or its committees to give evidence or produce documents;[29] and to make resolutions or recommendations on any matter of public interest.[29][30]

The house of assembly is presided over by the Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly, who is elected by the members from among themselves and is the principal officer and spokesperson of the house.[31] The speaker is assisted by the Deputy Speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly, who is also elected by the members from among themselves and acts as the speaker in the event of the speaker's absence, death, resignation, impeachment, or permanent incapacity.[32] The speaker and the deputy speaker are also members of the Edo State House of Assembly Leadership, which is the governing body of the house and consists of other principal officers, such as the Majority Leader of the Edo State House of Assembly, the Minority Leader of the Edo State House of Assembly, the Chief Whip of the Edo State House of Assembly, and the Clerk of the Edo State House of Assembly. The leadership is responsible for the administration and management of the house affairs, such as the allocation of seats, offices, and facilities; the appointment and supervision of the house staff; the preparation and approval of the house budget; and the regulation and enforcement of the house rules and procedures.[33]

The house of assembly also has several committees, which are sub-groups of the house members that are established by the house resolution or by the speaker's directive to perform specific functions or handle specific matters for the house. The committees are classified into two types: the standing committees, which are permanent and deal with the general subjects or issues of the house, such as the Public Accounts Committee of the Edo State House of Assembly, the Appropriation Committee of the Edo State House of Assembly, and the Rules and Business Committee of the Edo State House of Assembly; and the ad hoc committees, which are temporary and deal with the specific subjects or issues of the house, such as the Committee of the Whole House of the Edo State House of Assembly, the Select Committee of the Edo State House of Assembly, and the Conference Committee of the Edo State House of Assembly. The committees are headed by the Chairperson of the Edo State House of Assembly Committee, who is appointed by the speaker or elected by the committee members from among themselves and is responsible for the coordination and supervision of the committee activities, such as the conduct of hearings, investigations, or deliberations; the preparation and presentation of reports or bills; and the liaison with the other branches or organs of the state government.[29][34]

The current speaker of the Edo State House of Assembly is Blessing Agbebaku, who was elected in 2023 and represents the Owan West constituency on the platform of the PDP.[35] The current deputy speaker is Maria Edeko, who was also elected in 2023 and represents the Esan North-East II constituency on the platform of the PDP.[36]

Judicial branch

The judicial branch of the state government is the Judiciary of Edo State, which is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law in the name of the state. The judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches and is subject to the Constitution of Nigeria, the Constitution of Edo State, the Laws of Edo State, and the Common law. The judiciary is composed of the Courts of Edo State, which are classified into two types: the Superior courts of record of Edo State, which are the higher courts that have jurisdiction over the major civil and criminal cases and appeals; and the Inferior courts of record of Edo State, which are the lower courts that have jurisdiction over the minor civil and criminal cases and appeals.

The highest court of the state is the Edo State High Court, which is the superior court of record that has general jurisdiction over all civil and criminal matters arising from the state laws or the common law. The high court also has appellate jurisdiction over the decisions of the inferior courts of record and the Customary courts of Edo State, which are the courts that apply the customary law of the state. The high court consists of the Chief Judge of Edo State, who is the head of the state judiciary and the presiding judge of the high court; and other judges of the high court, who are appointed by the governor on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council and confirmed by the state legislature. The high court is divided into several judicial divisions, which are the geographical areas of the state where the high court sits and exercises its jurisdiction. The current chief judge of Edo State is Daniel Okungbowa, who was appointed in 2023.[37]

The inferior courts of record of the state are the Edo State Magistrates' Courts, which are the courts that have jurisdiction over the summary civil and criminal cases and appeals; and the Edo State District Courts, which are the courts that have jurisdiction over the minor civil and criminal cases and appeals.[38] The magistrates' courts and the district courts consist of the magistrates and the district judges, respectively, who are the judicial officers of the courts and are appointed by the governor on the advice of the state judicial service commission.[39]

The judiciary also has several judicial service commissions, which are the bodies that are responsible for the administration and management of the judicial affairs of the state, such as the appointment, promotion, discipline, and removal of the judicial officers and staff; the formulation and implementation of the judicial policies and programs; the preparation and approval of the judicial budget; and the regulation and enforcement of the judicial rules and procedures.[40] The judicial service commissions are the Edo State Judicial Service Commission, which is the commission that oversees the affairs of the high court, the magistrates' courts, and the district courts; the Edo State Sharia Judicial Service Commission, which is the commission that oversees the affairs of the sharia court of appeal and the sharia courts; and the Edo State Customary Judicial Service Commission, which is the commission that oversees the affairs of the customary court of appeal and the customary courts. The judicial service commissions consist of the chief judge, the grand kadi, or the president of the customary court of appeal, respectively, who are the chairpersons of the commissions; and other members, who are appointed by the governor or elected by the judicial officers from among themselves.[41]

Budget

The budget of Edo State represents the annual financial plan outlining the anticipated revenue and expenditure for the fiscal year. Crafted by the executive branch, led by the governor, it undergoes scrutiny and approval by the legislative branch, embodied by the Edo State House of Assembly. The budget aligns with the state's economic and developmental priorities, incorporating projections of income from diverse sources, including taxes, fees, grants, loans, and oil revenue.[42]

For the 2023 fiscal year, the budget of Edo State stands at N320.35 billion, marking a substantial 69.37 per cent increase from the N222 billion allocated in 2022.[43] Governor Godwin Obaseki presented this budget, themed "Making Edo Great Again," to the Edo State House of Assembly on November 17, 2022. The budget's core objective is to consolidate the achievements of the governor's first term and fulfill campaign promises centered on enhancing the welfare and well-being of the people of Edo State.[44]

Capital city

Benin City, the capital of Edo State, stands as the largest and most populous urban center within the state.[45] Nestled in the south-central region along the Benin River, the city spans an area of 1,204 square kilometres (465 sq mi).[46] According to the 2006 census, Benin City boasted a population of 1,050,000, with an estimated urban population reaching 1,495,000 by 2016.[47] Ranking as the fourth-largest city in Nigeria, it follows Lagos, Kano, and Ibadan.[47]

Benin City holds significance as the historical and cultural nucleus of both Edo State and Nigeria. Serving as the epicenter of the ancient Benin Empire, which thrived from the 13th to the 19th century, the city gained acclaim for its collection of artistic treasures, including bronze sculptures, ivory carvings, and terracotta artworks collectively known as the Benin Bronzes.[48] The renowned Oba's Palace, residence of the Oba of Benin, the traditional ruler and spiritual leader of the Edo people, graces the city. Adorned with bronze plaques illustrating the history and culture of the Benin Empire, the palace is a cultural landmark. Additionally, Benin City hosts various festivals and ceremonies, such as the Igue Festival, the Edo Masquerade Festival, and the Coronation of the Oba.[48][49]

Beyond its cultural heritage, Benin City serves as the economic and administrative nucleus of Edo State and Nigeria. It plays a pivotal role in the nation's rubber industry and serves as a major producer of palm oil, cocoa, cassava, yam, plantain, banana, maize, rice, and groundnut.[50] Abundant in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, limestone, granite, clay, and gold, the city boasts industrial and commercial zones such as the Benin Industrial Estate, Benin City Textile Mill, Benin City Rubber Factory, and Benin City Oil Mill. Furthermore, it hosts financial and service institutions, encompassing banks, insurance companies, hotels, restaurants, and markets.[50]

Benin City stands as a prominent educational and scientific hub within Edo State and Nigeria. Home to the University of Benin, established in 1970 and recognized as one of the country's leading universities.[51] The city also has several other tertiary institutions, such as the Ambrose Alli University, the Benson Idahosa University, the Edo State Polytechnic, the Edo State College of Education, and the Edo State School of Nursing and Midwifery. The city also has several research and development centers, such as the Nigerian Institute for Oil Palm Research, the Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, the National Institute for Freshwater Fisheries Research, and the Edo State Agricultural Development Programme.[52]

Benin City is the transportation and communication hub of Edo State and Nigeria, as it is connected by road, rail, air, and water to other parts of the state, the country, and the world. The city has several road networks, such as the Benin-Lagos Expressway, the Benin-Asaba Expressway, the Benin-Auchi Expressway, and the Benin-Bypass. The city also has a railway station, which is part of the Nigerian Railway Corporation network that links the city to Lagos, Kano, Port Harcourt, and other major cities in the country. The city also has an airport, the Benin Airport, which is operated by the Federal Airports Authority of Nigeria and serves domestic and international flights. The city also has a seaport, the Gelegele Seaport, which is located on the Benin River and serves as a gateway for the export and import of goods and services. The city also has several communication facilities, such as telephone, radio, television, internet, and postal services.[53]

Benin City is the political and social hub of Edo State and Nigeria, as it is the seat of the state government and the headquarters of the Edo South Senatorial District, the Edo Central Senatorial District, and the Edo North Senatorial District. The city also has several local government areas, such as the Oredo, the Egor, the Ikpoba-Okha, the Ovia North-East, the Ovia South-West, and the Uhunmwonde. The city also has several political parties, civil society organizations, religious groups, and ethnic associations, that represent the interests and aspirations of the people of Edo State and Nigeria.[54]

Local government

Edo State is divided into 18 local government areas (LGAs), which are the third-tier of government in Nigeria, after the federal and state governments. The LGAs are the basic units of administration and development in the state and are responsible for the provision of essential services and amenities to the people within their jurisdictions.[55] The LGAs are governed by the local government councils, which are the elected bodies that exercise the legislative and executive powers of the LGAs. The local government councils consist of the chairperson, who is the head and the chief executive officer of the LGA; the vice-chairperson, who is the deputy head and the chief accounting officer of the LGA; and the councillors, who are the representatives of the wards of the LGA.[56] The local government councils also have the secretary, who is the principal administrative officer of the LGA and the head of the local government service commission; and the heads of department, who are the heads of the various departments of the LGA and are responsible for the administration and management of the LGA affairs in their respective portfolios.[56]

The 18 LGAs of Edo State are:

LGAHeadquartersArea (km²)Population (2006 census)Senatorial districtNote
Akoko-EdoIgarra1,371262,110Edo North[55]
EgorUselu46339,899Edo South[55]
Esan CentralIrrua186147,073Edo Central[55]
Esan North-EastUromi265167,721Edo Central[55]
Esan South-EastUbiaja546217,648Edo Central[55]
Esan WestEkpoma502188,940Edo Central[55]
Etsako CentralFugar1,09794,055Edo North[55]
Etsako EastAgenebode1,286158,092Edo North[55]
Etsako WestAuchi1,399281,642Edo North[55]
IguebenIgueben11767,715Edo Central[55]
Ikpoba-OkhaIdogbo631473,376Edo South[55]
OredoBenin City249374,671Edo South[55]
OrhionmwonAbudu1,764191,194Edo South[55]
Ovia North-EastOkada1,809159,354Edo South[55]
Ovia South-WestIguobazuwa1,825143,009Edo South[55]
Owan EastAfuze1,074169,728Edo North[55]
Owan WestSabongida Ora1,300128,802Edo North[55]
UhunmwondeEhor1,371107,494Edo South[55]

The LGAs of Edo State are further divided into 192 wards, which are the smallest units of administration and development in the state and are represented by the councillors in the local government councils.[57] The wards are also the electoral constituencies for the local government elections, which are conducted by the Edo State Independent Electoral Commission (EDSIEC).[57] The local government elections are held every four years and are based on the first-past-the-post system. The local government councils are accountable to the people through the periodic elections and the public accounts committee, which is the committee that audits and scrutinizes the accounts and expenditure of the LGAs.[58]

The LGAs of Edo State are also subject to the supervision and control of the state government, which is exercised by the Ministry of Local Government and Chieftaincy Affairs of Edo State, which is the ministry that oversees the affairs of the LGAs and the traditional institutions in the state; and the Local Government Service Commission of Edo State, which is the commission that regulates and coordinates the service matters of the LGAs in the state. The state government also has the power to create, merge, or dissolve the LGAs, subject to the approval of the state legislature and the ratification of the people through a referendum.[58]

The LGAs of Edo State are the closest level of government to the people and are responsible for the provision of essential services and amenities, such as primary education, primary health care, rural water supply, rural electrification, environmental sanitation, waste management, road maintenance, market development, agricultural extension, and community development.[58] The LGAs also have the power to make bye-laws for the good governance of their areas, subject to the conformity with the state and federal laws.[58] The LGAs also have the power to generate revenue from various sources, such as taxes, fees, fines, grants, loans, and allocations from the state and federal governments. The LGAs also have the power to cooperate and collaborate with other LGAs, the state government, the federal government, and other agencies or organizations for the promotion of the common interests and welfare of the people.[58]

See also

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Overview of Edo – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group". Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group – Niger Delta Budget Monitoring Group. 27 July 1963. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  2. ↑ Alapiki 2005, pp. 49–65.
  3. ↑ Koutonin, Mawuna (18 March 2016). "Story of cities #5: Benin City, the mighty medieval capital now lost without trace". the Guardian. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  4. ↑ "Benin City, Igarra, Uzebba". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  5. ↑ "Edo State executive council, 2009". Soluap. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  6. ↑ Emielu 2013, pp. 92–110.
  7. ↑ Sonny, Hammed (16 June 2022). "The Edo Language: An Enthralling History and Interesting Language Uses!". Crystal Clear Translation - Language Translation Services. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  8. ↑ "Edo State". Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries. 22 July 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  9. ↑ "The Violent Road: Nigeria's South South". AOAV. 12 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  10. ↑ Osawaru & Ogwu 2020, pp. 1–23.
  11. ↑ "Tourist places in Edo State". Soluap. 27 October 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  12. ↑ "Igue: The story of Benin's age-long thanksgiving festival". Daily Trust. 22 December 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  13. ↑ Nigeria Civil Society Situation Room (2020). "EDO STATE GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION REPORT 2020" (PDF). Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  14. ↑ Oke, Tayo (31 January 2022). "Governor's power in Nigeria". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  15. ↑ "Removal of Governor or Deputy Governor from office". Nigerian Constitution. 29 March 2014. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  16. ↑ Ugwu, Chinagorom (29 November 2023). "Real reason I fell out with Obaseki". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  17. 1 2 "Edo governor, Obaseki dissolves executive council, sacks SSAs, SAs". The Street Journal. 3 May 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  18. 1 2 Party., That (15 November 2020). "Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria". Nigeria-Law Home Page. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  19. 1 2 3 Adedipe, Adeyinka (13 June 2023). "Obaseki swears in 15 commissioners". Punch Newspapers. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  20. ↑ "FRIDAY 20TH JANUARY 2023". Issuu. 20 January 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  21. ↑ "Executive Governor of Edo State, his Deputy and other members of the Executive Council during the swearing-in ceremony – Edo State Judiciary". Edo State Judiciary – The official website. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  22. ↑ Balogun 2019, p. 69.
  23. ↑ Adekola et al. 2021, p. 2.
  24. ↑ Odobo 2018, pp. 62–80.
  25. ↑ "EDOGIS opens for business, assures on customer-friendly services". Vanguard News. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  26. ↑ Asemota, Andy (16 November 2021). "Decentralize power sector or states won't be viable – Uwaibi tells FG – Nigerian Observer". Nigerian Observer – Online Edition – Latest News and Headlines. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  27. ↑ "Edo Sate (Innovation Capacity Development) IncubationHub". Innovationbed.Africa. 12 March 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  28. 1 2 Shamsu 2019, p. 1–6.
  29. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "A GUIDE TO THE NIGERIAN NATIONAL ASSEMBLY" (PDF). Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre. 2015. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  30. ↑ Hammed & Wahab 2016, pp. 69–82.
  31. ↑ "New Speaker Presides Over Edo State Assembly". Sahara Reporters. 15 August 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  32. ↑ Nwauche, Enyinna S. (30 June 2010). "Is the End Near for the Political Question Doctrine in Nigeria?". Home. SSRN 1632861. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  33. ↑ "South South: Speakers, Deputy Speakers of State Assemblies". OrderPaper. 17 July 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  34. ↑ Nwaegbu, Oluebube Christian (23 November 2022). "Legislative Oversight Functions in Nigeria: A Case Study of Imo State House of Assembly" (PDF). NILDS-Department of Studies. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  35. ↑ Aliu, Ozioruva (16 June 2023). "Agbebaku emerges as Edo Assembly Speaker, Obaseki hails process". Vanguard News. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  36. ↑ Ochoga, Patrick (16 June 2023). "JUST-IN: Agbebaku Emerges New Speaker Of Edo Assembly". Leadership News. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  37. ↑ Ugo, Chima (20 May 2023). "Edo Chief Judge Joe Acha Retires, Justice Okungbowa Assumes Role". Prime 9ja Online. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  38. ↑ Abubakar, Gabriel. "Learn Nigerian Law". Learn Nigerian Law. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  39. ↑ "Edo State Magistrates Courts Civil Procedure Rules 2018" (PDF). Edo State Judiciary. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  40. ↑ "National Judicial Council". National Judicial Council. 14 July 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  41. ↑ "Obaseki reconstitutes Edo Judicial Service Commission. – Edo State Judiciary". Edo State Judiciary – The official website. 30 November 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  42. ↑ "Edo State Government". Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  43. ↑ Okoro, Churchill (17 November 2022). "Obaseki budgets N320.35bn for 2023 fiscal year". Businessday NG. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  44. ↑ Ochoga, Patrick (17 November 2022). "Obaseki Presents N320.35bn 2023 Budget To Edo Assembly". Leadership News. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  45. ↑ Times, Premium (30 November 2023). "Edo State and the urgency of enabling an agro-allied economy, By Osarenren Izedonmwen". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  46. ↑ "History, Map, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 July 1998. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  47. 1 2 Ibhadode, Dirisu & Akhimien 1970, pp. 566–571.
  48. 1 2 "Benin: City of tradition and culture". Vanguard News. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  49. ↑ "The Benin Bronzes and the road to restitution". Financial Times. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  50. 1 2 Emifoniye 2023, pp. 387–400.
  51. ↑ "ABOUT THE UNIVERSITY OF BENIN, BENIN CITY – Faculty of Engineering". Faculty of Engineering – University of Benin. 4 January 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  52. ↑ "Oshiomhole Justifies Creation of Edo State Varsity". THISDAYLIVE. 6 April 2016. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  53. ↑ "NIMASA, EDO STATE GOVERNMENT INITIATE PARTNERSHIP FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT". NIMASA. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  54. ↑ "EDO STATE GOVERNORSHIP ELECTION REPORT 2020". Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  55. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "List of Local Government Areas in Edo State and their headquarters". Soluap. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  56. 1 2 Diejomaoh & Eboh 2012, p. 1–18.
  57. 1 2 "Edo 2020: 1.7 million eligible to vote as 483,000 cards uncollected". Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 30 November 2023.
  58. 1 2 3 4 5 "THE LOCAL GOVERNMENT SYSTEM IN NIGERIA" (PDF). clgf.org.uk. Retrieved 30 November 2023.

Bibliography

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.