La Fortaleza in Old San Juan is the official residence of the governor of Puerto Rico. It was built between 1533 and 1540.
This list of governors of Puerto Rico includes all persons who have held that post, either under Spanish or American rule. The governor of Puerto Rico is the head of government of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. The position was first established by the Spanish Empire during the 16th century following the archipelago's colonization.

The first person to officially occupy the position was Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León in 1509.[1] At the time, the Spanish monarchy was responsible for appointing the functionary who would perform this office. The first native Puerto Rican to perform the function was Juan Ponce de León II, as interim governor in 1579. During this administration, all of those appointed to take the position had served another function within the empire's government or the Roman Catholic Church. In 1898, the United States invaded Puerto Rico and the Spanish government ceded control of the island to the United States. During the first two years, the entire government in Puerto Rico was appointed by the president of the United States. In 1900, the American government approved the establishment of the Foraker Act as a federal law, this act established a civilian government in the island. In 1947, the federal Elective Governor Act was enacted, which created a new system where, since 1948, the governor is elected through a democratic process every four years. The governor is in charge of Puerto Rico's executive branch and is responsible for appointing executive branch agency heads, including the Secretary of State, who fulfills the role of lieutenant governor, the legislative branch's ombudsman and comptroller and all judges in the judicial branch.

Duties and succession

The standard (flag) and seal of the governor of Puerto Rico
Juan Ponce de León II, 28th governor of Puerto Rico, grandson of the first governor, and the first born in the island to become governor.

In the governor's absence, or if the governor dies or is unable to perform the executive duties, the Secretary of State of Puerto Rico takes control of the executive position, as acting governor during a temporary absence or inability, and as governor in case of death, resignation or impeachment and conviction.[2] The elected governor must designate a number of secretaries and other agency heads that will control the individual administrative agencies during his time in office, the selected secretaries are in charge of the island's health, natural resources, economy, correctional and judicial agencies and the department of consumer concerns, among others. The Governor's four-year term begins on January 2, the day after the New Year's Day holiday.

On July 24, 2019, Ricardo Rosselló became the first governor to resign his office. This happened after more than a week of protests due to a chain of corruption arrests and a leaked Telegram chat which contained offensive remarks made by the governor.

List of governors of Puerto Rico

Century
16th – 17th – 18th – 19th – 20th – 21st

Governors under Spanish Crown

No. Portrait Governor
(Birth–Death)		 Took office Left office Ref(s)
1 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (1st time)
1474 – July 1521
(aged c. 47)

 1508 1509 [3][4]
2 Juan Cerón 1509 1510 [5]
3 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (2nd time)

 1510 1511 [3]
4 Juan Cerón 1511 1512 [5][4]
5 Rodrigo Moscoso 1512 1513 [6]
6 Captain General

Cristóbal de Mendoza

 1513 1515 [7][4]
7 Captain General Don

Juan Ponce de León (3rd time)

 1515 1519 [6]
8 Sánchez Velázquez 1514 1519 [7][4]
9 Antonio de la Gama 1519 1521 [7][4]
10 Pedro Moreno 1521 1523 [7][4]
11 Bishop

Alonso Manso

 1523 1524 [7]
12 Pedro Moreno 1524 1528 [7][4]
13 Antonio de la Gama 1528 1530 [7][4]
14 Lieutenant General

Francisco Manuel de Landó

 1530 1536 [7][4]
15 Vasco de Tiedra 1536 1537 [7][4]
16 Vasco de Tiedra 1537 1544 [7]
17 Jerónimo Lebrón de Quiñones 1544 1544 [7][4]
18 Lcdo.

Iñigo López Cervantes y Loayza

 1544 1546 [7]
19 Lcdo.

Diego de Caraza

 1546 1548 [7]
20 Diego de Caraza 1548 1550 [7]
21 Luis de Vallejo 1550 1555 [7][4]
22 Lcdo.

Alonso Esteves

 1555 1555 [7]
23 Lcdo.

Diego de Caraza

 1555 1561 [7]
24 Antonio de la Llama Vallejo 1561 1564 [7]
25

Francisco Bahamonde De Lugo

 1564 1568 [7]
26 Francisco de Solís Osorio 1568 1574 [7]
27 Francisco de Obando y Mexia 1575 1579 [7]
28 Juan Ponce de León II 1579 1579 [8]
29 Jerónimo de Agüero Campuzano 1580 1580 [7]
30 Captain General

Juan de Céspedes

 1580 1581 [7][4]
31 Captain General

Juan López Melgarejo

 1581 1582 [7][9]
32 Captain General

Diego Menéndez de Valdés

 1582 1593 [7][4][10]
33 Colonel

Pedro Suárez de Coronel (1st time)

1593 1597 [7][4]
34 Captain General

Antonio de Mosquera

 1597 1598 [7]
35 Colonel

Pedro Suárez de Coronel (2nd time)

1597-8 1599 [7]
36 Captain General

Alonso de Mercado

 1599 1602 [7][4]
37 Captain General

Sancho Ochoa de Castro

 1602 1608 [7][4]
38 Gabriel de Rojas Párano 1608 1614 [7]
39 Captain General Felipe de Beaumont y Navarra[4] 1614 1620 [7]
40 Juan de Vargas 1620 1625 [7][4]
41 Captain General Juan de Haro y Sanvítores 1625 1630 [7][4]
42 Captain General Enrique Enriquez de Sotomayor 1631 1635 [7]
43 Captain General Iñigo de la Mota Sarmiento 1635 1641 [7][4]
44 Captain General Agustín de Silva y Figueroa 1641 1641 [7]
45 Captain General Juan de Bolaños 1642 1643 [7]
46 Fernando de la Riva Agüero y Setien 1643 1648 [7][4]
47 Diego de Aguilera y Gamboa 1649 1655 [7]
48 José Novoa y Moscoso Pérez y Buitron 1655 1660 [7]
49 Captain General Juan Pérez de Guzmán y Chagoyen 1660 1664 [7][4]
50 Jerónimo de Velasco 1664 1670 [7][4]
51 Gaspar de Arteaga y Aunoavidao 1670 1674 [11][4]
52 Diego Roblandillo 1674 1674 [11][4]
53 Captain General Baltazar Figueroa y Castilla 1674 1674 [11][4]
54 Alonso de Campos y Espinosa 1675 1678 [11][4]
55 Juan de Robles Lorenzana 1678 1683 [11][4]
56 Captain General Gaspar Martínez de Andino 1683 1685 [11][4]
57 Juan Francisco Medina 1685 1690 [11]
58 Gaspar de Arredondo y Valle 1690 1695 [11][4]
59 Juan Francisco Medina 1695 1697 [11]
60 Tomás Franco 1697 1698 [11][4]
61 Antonio de Robles Silva 1698 1699 [11][4]
62 Gabriel Suárez de Ribera 1700 1703 [11]
63 Diego Jiménez de Villarán 1703 1703 [11][4]
64 Francisco Sánchez Calderón 1703 1703 [11][4]
65 Pedro Arroyo y Guerrero 1704 1705 [11][4]
66 Juan Francisco López de Morla 1706 1706 [11][4]
67 Francisco Danío Granados 1706 1708 [11][4]
68 Colonel Juan de Ribera 1709 1715 [11][4]
69 José Francisco Carreño 1716 1716 [11][4]
70 Alfonso Bortodano 1716 1720 [11]
71 Francisco Danio Granados 1720 1724 [11][4]
72 Captain General José Antonio de Mendizabal y Azcue 1724 1730 [11][4]
73 Lieutenant Colonel Matías de Abadía 1731 1743 [11][4]
74 Domingo Pérez de Mandares 1743 1744 [11]
75 Colonel Juan José Colomo 1744 1750 [11][4]
76 Colonel Agustín de Parejas 1750 1751 [11][4]
77 Lieutenant Colonel Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1751 1753 [11][4]
78 Captain General Felipe Ramírez de Estenos 1753 1757 [11][4]
79 Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1757 1759 [11]
80 Mateo de Guaso Calderón 1759 1760 [11][4]
81 Esteban Bravo de Rivero 1760 1761 [11]
82 Lieutenant Colonel Ambrosio de Benavides 1761 1766 [11]
83 Colonel Marcos de Vergara 1766 1766 [11][4]
84 Lieutenant Colonel José Trentor 1766 1770 [11][4]
85 Colonel Miguel de Muesas 1769 1776 [11][12][4]
86 Colonel José Dufresne 1776 1783 [11][4]
87 Field Marshal Don Juan Andrés Daban y Busterino 1783 1789 [11][4]
88 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles 1789 1789 [11]
89 Brigadier General Miguel Antonio de Ustáriz 1789 1792 [6][4]
90 Coronel Francisco Torralbo y Robles 1792 1794 [11][4]
91 Brigadier General Enrique Grimarest 1794 1795 [6]
92 Field Marshal Don Ramón de Castro y Gutiérrez 1795 1804 [11][4]
93 Toribio Montes 1804 1809 [11]
94 Salvador Meléndez Bruna 1809 1820 [11][13][4]
95 Brigadier General Juan Vasco y Pascual March 24, 1820 August 7, 1820 [11][4]
96 Brigadier General Gonzalo Arostegui y Herrera August 7, 1820 February 12, 1822 [11][4]
97 Coronel José de Navarro February 12, 1822 May 30, 1822 [11][4]
98 Francisco González de Linares May 30, 1822 December 4, 1823 [11]
99 Lieutenant General Miguel Luciano de La Torre y Pando December 4, 1823 1837 [11][4]
100 Francisco Javier de Moreda y Prieto 1837 1838 [11]
101 Field Marshal Miguel López de Baños 1838 1841 [11][4]
102 Lieutenant General Santiago Méndez de Vigo 1841 1844 [11][4]
103 Lieutenant General Rafael de Aristegui y Vélez 1844 1847 [11]
104 Field Marshal Don Juan Prim de Prats y Gonzalez 1847 1848 [14]
105 Lieutenant General Juan de la Pezuela y Cevallos 1848 1851 [15][16]
106 Enrique de España y Taberner 1851 1852 [6]
107 Lieutenant General Fernándo Norzagaray y Escudero 1852 1855 [6]
108 Lieutenant General Andrés García Camba 1855 1855 [6]
109 Lieutenant General José Lemery Ibrarrola Ney y Gonzalez 1855 1857 [6]
110 Lieutenant General Fernando Cotoner y Chacon 1857 1860 [6]
111 Sabino Gamir Maladen 1860 1860 [6]
112 Lieutenant General Rafael Echague y Bermingham 1860 1862 [6]
113 Brigadier General Rafael Izquierdo y Gutierrez 1862 1863 [6]
114 Lieutenant General Félix María de Messina Iglesias April 1862 November 1865 [6]
115 Lieutenant General José María Marchessi y Oleaga 1865 1867 [6]
116 General Julián Juan Pavia Lacy 1867 1868 [6]
117 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse 1868 1870 [6][17]
118 Lieutenant General Gabriel Baldrich 1870 1871 [6]
119 General Ramón Gómez Pulido 1871 1872 [6]
120 General Simón de la Torre Ormaza 1872 1872 [6]
121 Brigadier General Joaquín Eurile Hernan 1872 1873 [6]
122 Lieutenant General Juan Martínez Plowes 1873 1873 [6]
123 General Rafael Primo de Rivera y Sobremonte 1873 1874 [6]
124 General José Laureano Sanz y Posse 1875 1875 [6][17]
125 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez 1875 1877 [6]
126 General Manuel de la Serna Hernandez y Pinzón 1877 1878 [6]
127 General José Gamir Maladen 1878 1878 [6]
128 General Eulogio Despujols y Dussay 1878 1881 [6]
129 General Segundo de la Portilla Gutierrez 1881 1883 [6]
130 General Miguel de la Vega Inclán y Palma 1883 1884 [6]
131 General Don Carlos Suances Campos 1884 1884 [6]
132 General Ramón Fajardo Izquierdo 1884 1884 [6]
133 General Luis Daban y Ramírez de Arellanó 1884 1887 [6]
134 General Romualdo Palacios Gonzalez 1887 1887 [6]
135 General Juan Contreras Martinez 1887 1888 [6]
136 General Pedro Ruiz Dana 1888 1890 [6]
137 Brigadier General José Pascual Bonanza 1890 1890 [6]
138 General José Lasso y Pérez 1890 1893 [6]
139 Antonio Daban - 1895 General Antonio Daban y Ramírez de Arrellanó 1893 1895 [6]
140 General José Gamir Maladen 1895 1896 [6]
141 General Emilio March 1896 1896 [6]
142 General Sabas Marín González 1896 1898 [18]
143 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [19]
144 General Andrés González Muñoz 1898 1898 [20][21]
145 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [19]
146 General Manuel Macías Casado 1898 1898 [22]
147 General Ricardo de Ortega y Diez 1898 1898 [19]
148 Captain Ángel Rivero Méndez 1898 1898 [23]

Governors under U.S. colonial administration

Military government

No. Image Name Took office Left office Reference
149 Commanding General Nelson A. Miles 1898 1898
150 Major General John R. Brooke 1898 1898 [24]
151 Major General Guy Vernor Henry 1898 1899
152 Major General George Whitefield Davis 1899 1900 [6]

Post-Foraker Act of 1900

No. Image Name Took office Left office Notes Reference
153 Charles Herbert Allen May 1, 1900 September 15, 1901 First U.S. civil governor appointed by President William McKinley [25]
154 William Henry Hunt September 15, 1901 July 4, 1904 [26]
155 Beekman Winthrop July 4, 1904 April 17, 1907 [7]
156 Regis Henri Post 1907 1909 [7]
157 George Radcliffe Colton 1909 1913 [7]
158 Arthur Yager 1913 1921 Classmate of President Woodrow Wilson. With his support, the United States Congress adopted the Jones-Shafroth Act [27]
159 José E. Benedicto 1921 1921 Interim governor [7]
160 Emmet Montgomery Reily July 30, 1921 March 1923 [28]
161 Juan Bernardo Huyke March 1923 April 1, 1923 Interim governor [7]
162 Horace Mann Towner April 1, 1923 September 29, 1929 [29]
163 James R. Beverley 1929 September 9, 1929 The only non-Puerto Rican appointee of 15 from 1900 to 1952 who could speak Spanish before going there. [7]
164 Theodore Roosevelt Jr. September 9, 1929 January 1932 [30]
165 James R. Beverley 2nd Term January 1932 July 3, 1933 [7]
166 Robert Hayes Gore July 3, 1933 January 11, 1934 [31]
167 Benjamin Jason Horton January 11, 1934 February 5, 1934 [7]
168 Blanton C. Winship February 5, 1934 June 25, 1939 Summarily removed by President Roosevelt on May 12, 1939.[32][33] [34]
169 José E. Colón June 25, 1939 September 11, 1939 Interim governor [6]
170 William D. Leahy September 11, 1939 November 28, 1940 [35]
171 José Miguel Gallardo November 28, 1940 February 1941 Interim governor [6]
172 Guy J. Swope February 1941 July 24, 1941 [36]
173 José Miguel Gallardo July 24, 1941 September 19, 1941 Interim governor [6]
174 Rexford Tugwell September 19, 1941 September 2, 1946 [37]
175 Jesús T. Piñero September 2, 1946 January 2, 1949 Only native Puerto Rican governor appointed under US colonial administration [38]

Governors under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico

  New Progressive Party (7)
  Popular Democratic Party (7)

US party affiliation

  Democratic Party (10)
  Republican Party (3)
  Independent (1)

No. Portrait Name
(Birth–Death)		 Term Duration Party Election National Paty
Affiliation
176 Luis Muñoz Marín
(1898–1980)[39]		 January 2, 1949

–

January 2, 1965

 16 years Popular Democratic 1948 Independent[lower-alpha 1]
1952
1956
1960
177 Roberto Sánchez Vilella
(1913–1997)[41]		 January 2, 1965

–

January 2, 1969

 4 years Popular Democratic 1964 Democratic[lower-alpha 2]
178 Luis A. Ferré
(1904–2003)[43]		 January 2, 1969

–

January 2, 1973

 4 years New Progressive 1968 Republican[lower-alpha 3]
179 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–2019)[45][46]		 January 2, 1973

–

January 2, 1977

 4 years Popular Democratic 1972 Democratic[lower-alpha 4]
180 Carlos Romero Barceló
(1932–2021)[48][49]		 January 2, 1977

–

January 2, 1985

 8 years New Progressive 1976 Democratic[lower-alpha 4]
1980
181 Rafael Hernández Colón
(1936–2019)[45][46]		 January 2, 1985

–

January 2, 1993

 8 years Popular Democratic 1984 Democratic[lower-alpha 4]
1988
182
Pedro Rosselló
(b. 1944)[50]		 January 2, 1993

–

January 2, 2001

 8 years New Progressive 1992 Democratic[51]
1996
183 Sila María Calderón
(b. 1942)[52]		 January 2, 2001

–

January 2, 2005

 4 years Popular Democratic 2000 Democratic[lower-alpha 5]
184 Aníbal Acevedo Vilá
(b. 1962)[54]		 January 2, 2005

–

January 2, 2009

 4 years Popular Democratic 2004 Democratic[lower-alpha 6]
185 Luis Fortuño
(b. 1960)		 January 2, 2009

–

January 2, 2013

 4 years New Progressive 2008 Republican[56]
186 Alejandro García Padilla
(b. 1971)		 January 2, 2013

–

January 2, 2017

 4 years Popular Democratic 2012 Democratic[lower-alpha 7]
187 Ricardo Rosselló
(b. 1979)		 January 2, 2017

–

August 2, 2019

 2 years, 212 days New Progressive 2016 Democratic[58]
– Pedro Pierluisi
(b. 1959)
De facto		 August 2, 2019

–

August 7, 2019

 5 days New Progressive None[lower-alpha 8] Democratic[58]
188 Wanda Vázquez Garced
(b. 1960)
Constitutional appointment		 August 7, 2019

–

January 2, 2021

 1 year, 148 days New Progressive None[lower-alpha 9] Republican[60]
189 Pedro Pierluisi
(b. 1959)		 January 2, 2021

–

present

 3 years, 14 days New Progressive 2020 Democratic[58]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Trías Monge (1995) "Aunque se le percibía como Demócrata e influía decisivamente en las gestiones del Partido Demócrata de Puerto Rico, Muñoz Marín nunca se afilió formalmente a ese partido ni participó en actividad alguna de los partidos políticos estadounidenses."[40]
  2. ↑ Metro (2012) "Desde la presidencia de Lyndon B. Johnson y la gobernación de Roberto Sánchez Vilella, no teníamos un presidente demócrata en Washington y un gobernador demócrata en San Juan."[42]
  3. ↑ Fernós (2003) "[...]su dirigente Don Luis A. Ferré, presidente del Partido Republicano en Puerto Rico."[44]
  4. 1 2 3 Montalvo (2012) "Carlos Romero Barceló y Rafael Hernández Colón son de partidos contrarios en la Isla, pero demócratas en la política estadounidense."[47]
  5. ↑ Castilla y León. "[Calderón] pertenece al Partido Popular Democrático de Puerto Rico y al Partido Demócrata de Estados Unidos."[53]
  6. ↑ DARN (2011) "[Acevedo Vilá] was an active member of the National Governors Association, the Southern Governors Association and the Democratic Governors Association."[55]
  7. ↑ Varela (2013) "[...] Governor Alejandro Padilla, a Democrat [...]"[57]
  8. ↑ As Secretary of State, succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló. Shortly thereafter, the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico ruled that his assumption of the office was unconstitutional because his nomination as Secretary of State was never confirmed by the Legislature.[59]
  9. ↑ As Secretary of Justice, Mrs. Vázquez Garced succeeded to the office following the resignation of Ricardo Rosselló and the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico's ruling that Pedro Pierluisi's succession was invalid because he was not confirmed by both chambers of the Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico as Secretary of State.[59]

References

  1. ↑ "Puerto Rico". World Statesmen.org. Retrieved June 14, 2019.
  2. ↑ "Rama Ejecutiva" (in Spanish). Gobierno del Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on August 13, 2007. Retrieved September 23, 2007.
  3. 1 2 "Ponce de León, Juan". Infoplease. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 Blanch, José (December 23, 1894). "Directorio comercial é industrial de la isla de Puerto-Rico para 1894. Formado con relaciones oficiales remitidas por los sres. alcaldes municipales de cada localidad" (in Spanish). Puerto-Rico, "La correspondencia". p. 8 – via Internet Archive.
  5. 1 2 "Puerto Rico in the Great Depression". New Deal Network. Archived from the original on November 5, 2007. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 "Governors of Puerto Rico - Under Spanish Rule". El Boricua. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 "Puerto Rico - Chronology". World's Statesmen. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  8. ↑ Casa Blanca reveals centuries of San Juan history Archived 2009-06-14 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Soler, L.M.D. (1970). Historia de la esclavitud negra en Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico, Editorial Universitaria. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-8477-0095-0. Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  10. ↑ "Diego Menéndez de Valdés". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved December 24, 2019.
  11. ↑ Altagracia Ortiz (January 1, 1983). Eighteenth-century Reforms in the Caribbean: Miguel de Muesas, Governor of Puerto Rico, 1769-76. Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 978-0-8386-3008-2.
  12. ↑ "El capitan general de la Isla de Puerto Rico a todos los vecinos y habitantes de ella : Puerto Rico. Governor (1809–1820 : Meléndez y Bruna)". Internet Archive (in Spanish). October 23, 2016. Retrieved July 20, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Rafael Cordero Molina: Maestro de proceres, Siervo de Dios" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  14. ↑ Miller, Paul Gerard (1922). Historia de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Retrieved June 21, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ↑ "A Sketch of the New Spanish Ministers". Empire. December 31, 1856. Retrieved October 31, 2019.
  16. 1 2 "José Laureano Sanz Posse". Real Academia de la Historia (in Spanish). Retrieved September 3, 2019.
  17. ↑ "Presencia del ideario masónico en el proyecto revolucionario antillano de Ramón Emeterio Betances" (in Spanish). Universidad de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  18. 1 2 3 "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VII" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 18, 2007.
  19. ↑ "Teniente general Andrés González Muñoz" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  20. ↑ "Puerto Rico's New Governor". timesmachine nytimes.
  21. ↑ "Protagonistas de la Guerra Hispano Americana en Puerto Rico Parte VI" (in Spanish). Coqui.net. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  22. ↑ "Last Spanish Ruler in Porto Rico Dies". Democrat and Chronicle. February 25, 1930. Retrieved November 29, 2022 – via newspapers.com. Although he served only two days, Rivero was credited with being the last Spanish governor of Porto Rico. He was born here and educated in Spain. He served in the Spanish army until the end of the Spanish-American war and later became an American citizen. Rivero was credited with doing much to create friendly understanding among Spaniards, Porto Ricans and Americans.
  23. ↑ "John R. Brooke". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Allen, Charles Herbert, (1848 - 1934)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  25. ↑ "Hunt, William Henry". Federal Judicial Center. Archived from the original on April 23, 2008. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  26. ↑ "Arthur Yager 1908-1913". Georgetown College. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  27. ↑ "The Architecture of Power". Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from the original on July 4, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  28. ↑ "Towner, Horace Mann, (1855 - 1937)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  29. ↑ "TR's Family Tree". Theodore Roosevelt Association. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  30. ↑ Washington Post (1933), "Warren D. Robbins Minister to Canada; White House Also Chooses Robert H. Gore as Governor of Puerto Rico", Washington Post, no. April 29, 1933, p. 2
  31. ↑ Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico, editor. 70 pages. May 22, 1937. Published by The Law Library Microform Consortium (LLMC). Archived December 14, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Accessed on October 30, 2010.
  32. ↑ Vito Marcantonio, U.S. Congressman. Five Years of Tyranny. Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives. Cheverote Productions. 14 August 1939. Archived January 12, 2012, at the Wayback Machine The entire speech is contained in the Congressional Record August 14, 1939. Retrieved October 30, 2010.
  33. ↑ Vito Marcantonio. "Five Years of Tyranny". Cheverote Productions. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  34. ↑ "William D. Leahy - Biography". Williamdleahy.com (official web site). Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  35. ↑ "Swope, Guy Jacob, (1892 - 1969)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  36. ↑ "Rexford G. Tugwell (1891–1979)". The Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  37. ↑ "Jesus T. Piñero". Library of Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  38. ↑ "Luis Muñoz Marín - Biografia". Fundación Luis Muñoz Marín. Archived from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  39. ↑ Trías Monge, José (1995). Historia Constitucional de Puerto Rico (in Spanish). Vol. V. La Editorial. ISBN 9780847702084. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  40. ↑ Luis R. Negrón. "Roberto Sánchez Vilella" (in Spanish). Puerto Rico en breve. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  41. ↑ "Líderes populares reclaman a Cox Alomar para Oficina de PR en Washington". Metro Puerto Rico. Metro International. December 20, 2012. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  42. ↑ "Luis A. Ferré". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  43. ↑ Fernós, Antonio (2003). Ser Nosotros Mismos!: La Angustiosa Lucha Del Pueblo Puertorriqueño Por Su Soberanía Nacional (in Spanish). La Editorial. ISBN 9780847701421. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  44. 1 2 "Rafael Hernández Colón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  45. 1 2 "Rafael Hernández Colón, former governor of Puerto Rico, dies at 82". Los Angeles Times. Associated Press. May 2, 2019. Retrieved May 2, 2019.
  46. ↑ Montalvo, Iza (October 8, 2012). "Exgobernadores de PR visitan Florida en campaña por Obama". La Opinión (in Spanish).
  47. ↑ "Romero-Barceló, Carlos Antonio, (1932 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  48. ↑ "Fallece el exgobernador Carlos Romero Barceló". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved May 3, 2021.
  49. ↑ "Pedro Rosselló" (in Spanish). Senado de Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on September 27, 2007. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  50. ↑ "Hon. Pedro Rosselló - Resumen Biográfico" (in Spanish). 1998. Retrieved August 10, 2013. [Rosselló es] Vicepresidente de la Asociación de Gobernadores Demócratas.
  51. ↑ "Sila Maria Calderón". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  52. ↑ "Calderón Serra, Sila María" (in Spanish). Junta de Castilla y León. Archived from the original on March 31, 2014. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  53. ↑ "Acevedo-Vilá, Aníbal, (1962 - )". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved September 19, 2007.
  54. ↑ "Former Governor Aníbal Acevedo Vilá to Present at DANR Leadership Forum in Puerto Rico". Dominican American National Roundtable. August 7, 2011. Archived from the original on July 24, 2013. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  55. ↑ "WSJ: Luis Fortuno is a Republican Star". Republican Governors Association. Archived from the original on August 25, 2011. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  56. ↑ Varela, Julio (May 22, 2013). "Opinion: For Puerto Rico to ever progress, the politics of status must disappear". NBC Latino. NBC. Retrieved August 10, 2013.
  57. 1 2 3 "Ricky Rosselló | Democratic Governors Association". Democratic Governors Association. Archived from the original on June 3, 2018. Retrieved July 23, 2018.
  58. 1 2 Romo, Vanessa; Gonzales, Richard (August 7, 2019). "Puerto Rico's Justice Secretary Wanda Vázquez Sworn In As Governor". NPR.org. Retrieved August 8, 2019.
  59. ↑ "La gobernadora Wanda Vázquez se "inclina hacia la filosofía republicana"". El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Retrieved August 21, 2019.

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