Cyclone Gudrun (Erwin)
Cyclone Gudrun in the North Sea
TypeEuropean windstorm
Extratropical cyclone
Formed7 January 2005[1]
Dissipated12 January 2005[2]
Lowest pressure960 mb (28 inHg)
Fatalities12 (7 in Sweden, 4 in Denmark,1 in Estonia).
Damage£1.1 billion (2005 GBP)
Areas affectedUnited Kingdom, Ireland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Latvia, Estonia

Gudrun was a powerful storm which hit Denmark and Sweden on 8 January 2005, and Latvia and Estonia on 9 January 2005. The name Erwin was chosen by the Free University of Berlin, while the storm was named Gudrun by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute and was the name used in Sweden. Sustained wind speeds of 126 km/h (78 mph) with wind gusts of 165 km/h (103 mph) were measured in Hanstholm, Denmark – the same strength as a Category 1 hurricane.

The storm caused significant financial damage in Sweden, where the forest industry suffered greatly from damaged trees, as more than 75 million cubic metres (2.6×10^9 cu ft) of trees were blown down in southern Sweden. This resulted in Sweden at the time having the world's largest surplus of lumber.

About 415,000 homes lost power in Sweden and several thousand of these were without power for many days and even weeks in some cases, as about 10,000 homes were still without power after three weeks.[3] The death toll in Sweden was 7[4] victims, making it one of the biggest environmental disasters in Swedish history, while four were killed in Denmark and one in Estonia.

Meteorological history

Fallen tree by Onslunda Church in Sweden

On January 6, 2005, a low pressure system developed at a frontal zone south of Newfoundland.[5] It moved into the central North Atlantic and was named 'Erwin' by the Free University of Berlin.[5] Erwin strengthened rapidly and its pressure at the time of naming was 970 mb (29 inHg).[5] Erwin moved quickly, and was already moving over Scotland and Northern Ireland on the 8th.[5] In the UK, temperatures were noticeably higher after the passing of Erwin.[5] On the 9th, Erwin had already moved into the Baltic Sea with a minimum central pressure of 960 mb (28 inHg).[5] Over much of Central and Western Europe, temperatures were very mild.[5] The next day, weakening Erwin was over Western Russia with a pressure of 975 mb (28.8 inHg).[5] Erwin began slowing down as it moved into Central Russia. On 13 January, Erwin dissipated over Russia.[5]

Impact

Carlisle and Cumbria flooding

In the UK, the main impacts of the storm was flooding in Cumbria and Carlisle, where 1,800 homes were flooded in the city.[6]

Sweden blackout and damage to forests

Gudrun is one of the strongest storms to impact Sweden in the last 100 years. It caused much damage to forests in Halland the southwestern part of the South Swedish highlands (Småland).[7][8] Spruces were particularly hit by Gudrun, while other trees with a more steady root system fared better.[8] Damage was also exacerbated by the practice of clearcutting, leaving many trees exposed.[8] Gudrun also caused blackouts and disabled telecommunications infrastructure.[7][8]

Aftermath

Byholma Wood Stockpile

The cyclone created the world's largest wood stockpile which Gizmodo lists as containing 1 million cubic metres (35,000,000 cu ft) of wood as of May 2012. In Sweden the total volume of wood from the trees struck down by the storm was about 75 million cubic metres (2.6×109 cu ft).[9]

Political impact in Sweden

The Storm also had a dramatic impact on the Swedish political landscape. In Sweden Erwin is better known as Storm Gudrun. In a dissertation from the Department of Government at Uppsala University, entitled "Natural Disasters and National Election", PhD Lina M. Eriksson found in her research that the storm played a crucial role in the 2006 historic regime shift that occurred in the 2006 Swedish parliamentary election. The results from this research show that the 2002-2006 incumbent Social Democratic Party's (S) poor crisis response to Gudrun, which is the hitherto most costly natural disaster in Swedish history, alone has an estimated effect of a magnitude that likely was crucial to the 2006 historic regime shift. In the abstract to the thesis one can read "The 2002-2006 incumbent Social Democratic Party (S) received its lowest voter support since 1914 as roughly 150,000, or 8%, of the 2002 S voters went to the main opposition, the conservative Moderate Party (M). This became the most decisive factor in ousting S from power after 12 years of rule. As a result, the M-led Alliance (A) with the People's Party (FP), the Center Party (C), and the Christian Democrats (KD) won the election. Natural Disasters and National Election makes the novel contribution of proposing two natural disasters, the Indian Ocean's 2004 Boxing Day Tsunami and 2005 Storm Gudrun (Erwin), which struck only two weeks following the tsunami, as major events that impacted government popularity in the 2006 election and contributed to the redistribution of voter support, within and across party-blocs. The core findings from this thesis show that the S government's poor crisis response to Gudrun, which is the hitherto most costly natural disaster in Swedish history, alone has an estimated effect of a magnitude that likely contributed to the 2006 historic regime shift, while the tsunami also seems to have mattered. The tsunami is particularly interesting, as S's poor international crisis response to the event constitutes the first natural disaster situation to knowingly have affected an election on the other side of the planet. Moreover, to some degree voters recognized the active opposition by C as effective representation and rewarded the party for its strong stance on the poor handling of both events by S. In fact, the active voice of C concerning these disasters likely helped move the party from the periphery of party politics to becoming the third-largest party in Swedish politics. In sum, this research investigates accountability and effective party representation via retrospective voting, which is an essential mechanism for the legitimacy of democracy. Findings suggest that the average Swedish voter indeed may be voting retrospectively to hold publicly elected officials accountable, which suggest a healthy status of the retrospective voting mechanism and Swedish democracy."[10] Part of the dissertation has also been published in Electoral Studies, which is to be considered the leading scientific journal in election research. In the article[11] long-term effects are also found over the 2010 and 2014 election, which implies that the Storm triggered long-lasting changes in voter support from the left to the right side of the political spectrum.[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Wetter map met.fu-berlin.de
  2. ↑ Wetter map met.fu-berlin.de
  3. ↑ "Gudrun - Januaristormen 2005". SMHI - Swedish Met Office. SMHI. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  4. ↑ "Gudrun - Januaristormen 2005". SMHI - Swedish Met Office. SMHI. Retrieved 9 September 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "Life history of Depression ERWIN". FU-Berlin. Retrieved 1 January 2012.
  6. ↑ Harper, Mike (8 January 2015). "10 years on from the Cumbrian and Carlisle Floods of 2005". Environment Agency. Retrieved 19 January 2016.
  7. 1 2 "Smålands klimat". SMHI (in Swedish). 16 January 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  8. 1 2 3 4 "Skogsskador efter Gudrun". SMHI (in Swedish). 8 July 2015. Retrieved 10 May 2019.
  9. ↑ "The World's Largest Wood Stockpile Is Absolutely Insane". Gizmodo. Archived from the original on 16 May 2012. Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  10. 1 2 Eriksson, Lina M. (2017). Natural Disasters and National Election: On the 2004 Indian Ocean Boxing Day Tsunami, the 2005 Storm Gudrun and the 2006 Historic Regime Shift (PhD thesis). Uppsala University. ISBN 978-91-554-9813-9.
  11. ↑ Eriksson, Lina M. (2016). "Winds of Change: Voter Blame and Storm Gudrun in the 2006 Swedish Parliamentary Election". Electoral Studies. 41: 129–142. doi:10.1016/j.electstud.2015.12.003.
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