Aaron Swartz, software developer and creator of the Manifesto.

The Guerilla Open Access Manifesto is a document written by Aaron Swartz in 2008 that supports the Open Access movement. The goal of the Open Access movement is to remove barriers and paywalls that may prohibit the general public from accessing scientific research publications. Swartz was an activist who fought against the restrictions that were placed on scholarly articles and for the right of all people to have access to scientific research.

Historical context

On January 1, 1983, ARPANET, which originally used NCP protocol, shifted to TCP/IP, paving the way for the modern internet. As the use of the internet and data transfer became widespread, the world entered an age of unprecedented ease of copying and transferring information.[1] However, much information was still bounded under copyright laws. This discrepancy caused some to feel dissatisfaction in the lack of information availability, and leading to a desire to make information more accessible to the public.[2]

Open access information was brought upon by computer scientists, who shared their discoveries openly on the internet for other scientists to use as a foundation for continued work in the field. At this time, due to the lack of knowledge, this freely shared information was still limited to only a small scale community.[2] As more communities became more accustomed to using the Internet, diverse sets of individuals from a variety of backgrounds – independent researchers, professional communities, industry and commerce – began to utilize and add onto this public database. At this point servers, arXiv7 and Citeseer8 being the two main collections featuring scientific publications, took root to meet the demand of open access information by researchers. Their use became widespread, and they set a precedent for literature publications in different fields.[1]

Prior to the publication of the Manifesto, Swartz had been active in the open-source movement. During a trip to MIT after becoming a finalist for the ArsDigita prize, Swartz was surrounded by tech professionals intent on making the internet open-source.[3] Additionally, Swartz worked on other open-source projects prior to writing the Manifesto, such as working as an early contributor to Creative Commons,[4] a web organization devoted to ensuring open access to a variety of different copyrighted materials.[5] Other work includes his early programming contributions to Open Library, an organization attempting to create a comprehensive online library containing information on every book.[4] Months before publishing the Manifesto, in 2008, Swartz worked to make thousands of federal court documents public for free.[6]

Analysis of content

The manifesto opens with the statement that "Information is Power", and makes the case that access to knowledge is a human right.[7][8] It focuses on the availability of scientific and scholarly work online, and argues for the importance of making scholarly work widely available, along with removing existing barriers to access.[9][10] The Manifesto identifies restrictions to information availability as a serious problem facing both the academic community and the world at large, and criticizes both the copyright laws that have led to paywalls, along with the corporate influences and perceived greed that have supported the development of legislature supporting this.[8] In the Manifesto, Swartz mentions one publisher by name: Reed Elsevier, a publisher whose articles covering a breadth of topics are hidden behind a paywall, which Swartz condemns as unethical.[11] He frames one of the goals of the Open Access movement is to ensure that academics publishing their work can make it available to everyone and not be hindered by these restrictions.[8] Additionally, Swartz addresses the role of privilege in impacting who does and does not have access to many of these information repositories, calling attention to existing socioeconomic divides that contribute to these inequities in information availability.[10] The Manifesto serves as a call to action by Swartz, and argues that making scholarly information widely available online is a moral imperative.[12][8] In order to do so, it advocates for proponents of open access to engage in civil disobedience and condones the violation of copyright law in order to make scholarly work widely available online.[8][12]

Repercussions and impact

The content of Swartz's manifesto quickly caught the attention of government entities. The open access movement was gaining traction as Swartz's initial attack on the JSTOR paywall had brought to light the injustices of blocking citizens from publicly funded research.[13] In 2013, the U.S. Secret Service released a portion of their almost 15,000 page file on Swartz, detailing their investigation of his home and chronicling the questions asked of him about the Manifesto's "human rights" applications.[14] Swartz was facing up to 50 years in prison if found guilty of the charges against him, and remained under investigation until his eventual suicide in 2013.[9] The Manifesto and its ideas continued to spread online and databases such as JSTOR were under criticism for their inaccessible practices. In January 2012, thousands of scientists protested Elsevier, the publisher referenced within the Manifesto, for its practice of enforcing paywalls and limiting access.[11]

Elbakyan's online repository Sci-Hub, the creation of which was inspired by Swartz's Manifesto.

Some activists claim that Swartz was unsuccessful in achieving the specific goals he outlined in his Manifesto. The JSTOR collection was not released to public domain, and other activists spoke out against the illegal activities the Manifesto supported.[15] However, the symbolic ideas Swartz introduced through his Manifesto were effective in incentivizing others to take up the mantle of the open access (OA) movement. Today, many sites that once used paywalls are freely available thanks to the actions of OA activists following in Swartz's footsteps. One such activist, Alexandra Elbakyan, furthered Swartz's mission by developing an online repository she dubbed "Sci-Hub" that provides free access to over 74 million scientific journal articles.[16] Swartz and Elbakyan are both identified as Guerilla Open Access (GOA) activists, specified as such due to the blatantly illegal practices they engage in.[17] More general OA approaches prefer to advocate for the liberation of scholarly information through legal means, and thus tensions exist between OA and GOA activists in terms of the risks they are willing to take in the fight for open accessibility.[17] Some critics of the GOA movement claim to support civil disobedience, but do not support the radical ideals of GOA activists. They believe the responsibility to change belongs to policy makers and scientists.[18]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Swan, Alma. "Policy Guidelines for the Development and Promotion of Open Access" (PDF). unesdoc.unesco.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-02-02. Retrieved 2022-02-02.
  2. 1 2 Hockenberry, Benjamin (2013-11-21). "The Guerilla Open Access Manifesto: Aaron Swartz, open access and the sharing imperative". Fischer Digital Publications. Archived from the original on 2022-01-15. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  3. ↑ Amsden, David (2013-02-15). "The Brilliant Life and Tragic Death of Aaron Swartz". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 2023-01-21. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  4. 1 2 "The Open Library | Berkman Klein Center". cyber.harvard.edu. 2019-07-20. Archived from the original on 2022-12-05. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  5. ↑ "What We Do". Creative Commons. Archived from the original on 2023-02-19. Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  6. ↑ McKimmy, Paul B. (2017). "Free Software and Open Source Movements: From Digital Rebellion to Aaron Swartz - Responses to Government and Corporate Attempts at Suppression and Enclosure". S2CID 158398693. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. ↑ Aaron Swartz. Guerilla Open Access Manifesto.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Swift, Kathy (2017). A Web of Extended Metaphors in the Guerilla Open Access Manifesto of Aaron Swartz (Thesis). UC Santa Barbara. Archived from the original on 2022-02-01. Retrieved 2022-02-18.
  9. 1 2 "The Legacy of Aaron Swartz: The Fight for Open Access". Capital As Power. 2019-12-24. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  10. 1 2 "Aaron Swartz and the Price of Information | OSA Archivum". www.osaarchivum.org. Archived from the original on 2022-12-25. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  11. 1 2 "Aaron Swartz's 'Guerilla Open Access Manifesto' Is More Important Than Ever". www.vice.com. 14 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  12. 1 2 Tucci, Ryan (2018-10-23). "Open Access Week: The Guerrilla Open Access Manifesto by Aaron Swartz". 8 Bit Librarian. Archived from the original on 2022-12-02. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  13. ↑ Chatterjee, Pranab; Biswas, Tamoghna; Mishra, Vishala (2013). "Open Access: The Changing Face of Scientific Publishing". Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care. 2 (2): 128–130. doi:10.4103/2249-4863.117400. ISSN 2249-4863. PMC 3894027. PMID 24479064.
  14. ↑ Edwards, Jim. "Feds Asked Aaron Swartz's Friends About His 'Guerilla Open Access Manifesto,' A Call For Liberating Data From Private Hands". Business Insider. Archived from the original on 2023-02-22. Retrieved 2022-01-26.
  15. ↑ Nyland, Luke (2016-11-29). "Was the Guerilla Open Access Manifesto as effective as possible?". The Information. Archived from the original on 2022-01-31. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  16. ↑ Graber-Stiehl, Ian (2018-02-08). "Meet the pirate queen making academic papers free online". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2018-10-28. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  17. 1 2 Bodó, Balázs (2016-07-06). "Pirates in the Library – An Inquiry into the Guerilla Open Access Movement". Rochester, NY. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2816925. SSRN 2816925. Archived from the original on 2023-09-24. Retrieved 2022-02-18. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ Chatterjee, Pranab (2011-10-27). "OAW 2011: Guerilla Open Access". Scepticemia. Archived from the original on 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
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