Early years

The Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions was founded by pro-CCP trade unionists in 1948 as the Hong Kong and Kowloon Federation of Trade Unions. At the same time, the pro-Kuomintang Hong Kong and Kowloon Trades Union Council (TUC) was set up as a rival organisation. This was all done in the midst of the Chinese Civil War between the Communists and Nationalists in Mainland China. The HKFTU was registered as non-union "friendly societies" under the Societies Ordinance in order to avoid the restrictive provision in the newly introduced Trade Union Registration Ordinance of 1948.^[6]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the HKFTU functioned as industrially based "friendly societies" or craft-based fraternities and provided benefits and other supplementary aids to the veteran members who was under the threats of unemployment and low pay.^[5] It contested with the TUC in industries, trades, and workplaces under the left-right ideological divide of that period.^[7]

The relations between the HKFTU and the colonial government remained tense. Union activities were under strict regulation by the government. Inspired by the Cultural Revolution, the HKFTU escalated labour disputes into the 1967 riots against British colonial rule. Many labour activists and HKFTU cadres were imprisoned and deported. Due to its campaign of violence and bomb attacks, the HKFTU suffered serious setbacks in both public esteem and official tolerance.^[8] During the riots, the HKFTU also boycotted participation in any officially appointed consultative bodies by the colonial government until Beijing's Communist government adopted economic reforms in the late 1970s.^[9]

Transition to 1997

In the background of the 1980s, amidst shifts in the political economy of mainland China and negotiations on Hong Kong's political status after 1997, the HKFTU readjusted its policy toward the colonial government. The electoral reform introduced by the government also gave trade unions access to political power. In the first Legislative Council election in 1985, candidates from the HKFTU and the TUC ran uncontested in the two newly created seats in the Labour functional constituency. One such candidate was Tam Yiu-chung of the HKFTU, who served as the member of the Legislative Council for the Labour functional constituency until 1995, when he was succeeded by Cheng Yiu-tong.^[10]

On the other hand, as the most massive grassroots organ of the pro-Beijing bloc, the HKFTU also led efforts to resist the pre-1997 attempts at democratisation. It opposed the possible direct Legislative Council election of 1988 with the slogan, "Hong Kong workers only want meal tickets, not electoral ballots."^[8] However, during the Hong Kong Basic Law drafting process from 1985 to 1990, the HKFTU had to repudiate its demands on the rights to union recognition and collective bargaining in the Consultative and Drafting Committees dominated by tycoons. The HKFTU's devotion to Beijing and its collaboration with the conservative business interests were challenged by some leftist unionists.^[8]

In the beginning of the 1990s, the HKFTU became more involved in politics to counter the growing influence of pro-democracy parties such as the United Democrats of Hong Kong (later transformed into the Democratic Party) and its ally the Hong Kong Confederation of Trade Unions (HKCTU). Chan Yuen-han ran as the HKFTU candidate in the 1991 Legislative Council direct election but was defeated by Lau Chin-shek, a pro-democracy labour activist representing the United Democrats of Hong Kong. In 1992, the first pro-Beijing political party, the Democratic Alliance for the Betterment of Hong Kong (DAB), was co-founded by HKFTU members. HKFTU began mobilising its supporters to vote for DAB candidates in the Legislative Council elections.

Since handover

After the transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong in 1997, the HKFTU's representatives joined the Beijing-controlled Provisional Legislative Council to roll back several pre-handover labour rights laws passed in spring 1997 by the colonial legislature controlled by the pro-democracy camp, which included the collective bargaining right under the Employee's Rights to Representation, Consultation and Collective Bargaining Ordinance. The Provisional Legislative Council also enacted new electoral rules to disenfranchise some 800,000 blue-, gray- and white-collar workers in the nine functional constituencies created from Chris Patten's electoral reform.^[8] The number of eligible voters in the Labour functional constituency was reduced from 2,001 qualified union officials in 1995 to only 361 unions on a one-vote-per-union basis for the first SAR elections in 1998.^[8]

The HKFTU has been a vocal supporter of the central government in Beijing and the Hong Kong SAR government; its then-president Cheng Yiu-tong was appointed as a non-official member of the Executive Council from 2002 to 2017. During the early years of the SAR administration, HKFTU members ran in direct elections under the banner of its sister organisation DAB. Since the 2008 Legislative Council elections, HKFTU members Chan Yuen-han and Wong Kwok-hing have run independently from DAB, under a more grassroots and pro-labour rights agenda. In the 2011 District Council election, the HKFTU ran 20 candidates entirely on its own, winning 11 seats. In the 2012 Legislative Council elections, the HKFTU filled candidates in four of the five geographical constituencies and veteran Chan Yuen-han contested in the territory-wide District Council (Second) constituency, becoming the fourth largest political group in the legislature.

In the 2015 District Council election, the HKFTU had 29 candidates elected (two under both DAB and HKFTU banners). Its Legislative Council seats dropped from six to five in the 2016 Legislative Council election as veteran Wong Kwok-hing failed to retain his District Council (Second) seat. Nevertheless, the HKFTU remained the third-largest political group in the 6th Legislative Council (2016–2021).^[11]

The HKFTU suffered a major defeat in the 2019 District Council election, which was held amidst the 2019 protests, retaining only five of their previous 26 seats.^[12]

In August 2022, after Nancy Pelosi visited Taiwan, the HKFTU staged a protest at the US Consulate General in Hong Kong, and said the United States "must pay full responsibility for playing with fire."^[13]

Legislative Council elections

Election	Number of popular votes	% of popular votes	GC seats	FC seats	EC seats	Total seats	+/−	Position
1991	44,894	3.28	0	1	0	1 / 60		—
1995	DAB ticket		0	1	0	1 / 60		—
2000	DAB ticket		0	1	0	1 / 60		—
2004	52,564	2.97	1	2		3 / 60	2	5th
2008	86,311	5.70	2	2		4 / 60	1	5th
2012	127,857	7.06	3	3		6 / 70	2	2nd
2016	169,854	7.83	3	2		5 / 70	1	5th
2021	192,235	14.53	3	2	3	8 / 90	3	2nd

Note 1: Each voter got two votes in the 1991 election.

Note 2: Before 2008 the HKFTU had a joint-ticket with DAB.

District Council elections

Election	Number of popular votes	% of popular votes	D.E. seats	E.C. seats	App. seats	Total elected seats	+/−
1988	3,360	0.53	2		0	2 / 264
1991	6,229	1.17	4		0	4 / 272	2
1999	1,074	0.13	1		0	1 / 390	3
2003	2,766	0.26	0		0	0 / 400	1
2007	4,208	0.37	15		1	16 / 405	16
2011	36,646	3.10	24		1	25 / 412	9
2015	88,292	6.11	29			29 / 431	4
2019	128,796	4.39	5			5 / 452	24
2023	206,285	17.61	18	9	16	43 / 470	38

Presidents

• Chan Yiu-choi, 1957–1980
• Yeung Kwong, 1980–1988
• Lee Chark-tim, 1988–2000
• Cheng Yiu-tong, 2000–2012
• Lam Shuk-yee, 2012–2018
• Ng Chau-pei, 2018–present

Chairmen

• Chu King-man, 1948–1949
• Cheung Chun-nam, 1949–1951
• Chan Man-hon, 1951–1954
• Chan Yiu-choi, 1954–1957
• Lee Sang, 1957–1962
• Yeung Kwong, 1962–1980
• Poon Kwong-wai, 1980–1986
• Cheng Yiu-tong, 1986–2000
• Wong Kwok-kin, 2000–2009
• Ng Chau-pei, 2009–2018
• Kingsley Wong, 2018–present

Executive Council

• Ng Chau-pei

Legislative Council

District Councils

National People's Congress

• Cheng Yiu-tong
• Ng Chau-pei

Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference

• Lam Shuk-yee
• Kingsley Wong

Citations

Sources