Dagger hakea
Hakea teretifolia in Botany Bay National Park near Kurnell
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Proteales
Family: Proteaceae
Genus: Hakea
Species:
H. teretifolia
Binomial name
Hakea teretifolia
(Salisb.) Britten[1]
Synonyms[1]
fruit

Hakea teretifolia, commonly known as the dagger hakea,[2] is a species of woody shrub of the family Proteaceae and is common on heathlands in coastal eastern Australia from northern New South Wales through to Victoria and Tasmania. A very prickly shrub, it is rarely cultivated but easy to grow.

Description

Hakea teretifolia is a prickly shrub that can reach 4 m (13 ft) in height. It has spirally arranged, thick, tough, succulent spike-tipped leaves. Flowering occurs in summer though some may be seen in winter. The small white inflorescences occur on branches and consist of 4-8 individual small flowers. These are followed by sharp pointed (dagger-shaped) seed pods from where the plant gets its common name.[3]

Taxonomy and naming

Hakea teretifolia was first collected at Botany Bay in April 1770, by Sir Joseph Banks and Daniel Solander, naturalists on the British vessel HMS Endeavour during Lieutenant (later Captain) James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific Ocean. Solander coined the (unpublished) binomial name Leucadendroides corniculata in Banks' Florilegium.[4] Richard Salisbury described the species in his book Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium in 1796 and gave it the name Banksia teretifolia.[5][6] The specific epithet (teretifolia) is from the Latin teretifolium, meaning "with terete leaves".[7]

In 1797, Heinrich Schrader and Johann Christoph Wendland described the genus Hakea and the type species Hakea glabra in their book Sertum Hannoveranum.[8][9][10]

In 1916, James Britten changed the name of Salisbury's Banksia teretifolia to Hakea teretifolia in the Journal of Botany, British and Foreign.[11] Britten considered Schrader's Hakea glabra, Antonio José Cavanilles' Hakea pugioniformis[12][13] and Joseph Gaertner's Conchium teretifolium[14][15] to be synonyms.[16] The Australian Plant Census lists H. glabra, H. pugioniformis and C. teretifolium as synonyms of H. teretifolia subsp. teretifolia.[17] Hakea teretifolia was classified in Hakea sect. Hakea series Pubiflorae by George Bentham in his Flora Australiensis,[18] but was reclassified on its own in the Teretifolia group in the 1999 Flora of Australia treatment.[3]

In 1990, Robyn Mary Barker described two subspecies of H. teretifolia in the Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens, and the names are accepted by the Australian Plant Census:[19]

  • H. teretifolia subsp. hirsuta (Endl.) R.M.Barker[20] that has more densely hairy perianths and pedicels. It is an upright, spreading shrub 1–4 m (3 ft 3 in – 13 ft 1 in) high. Its branchlets are densely covered with short, soft, matted hairs, smooth at flowering. It has rigid, straight, needle-shaped leaves 0.5–7.7 cm (0.20–3.03 in) long, 0.8–1.7 mm (0.031–0.067 in) wide and cream-white flowers from November to February.[3] It occurs further south from the Sydney region through to Tasmania with a separate population in the Grampians in western Victoria.

Distribution and habitat

Hakea teretifolia grows on damp or wet low-nutrient soil,[21] in sandstone soil-based heathland, and can form dense thickets with the heath banksia (Banksia ericifolia) and scrub she-oak (Allocasuarina distyla). It grows in moist to wet locations in heath and woodlands east of Melbourne and a disjunct population in the Grampians.[22][23]

It is found in woodland alongside scribbly gum (Eucalyptus haemastoma), peppermint gum (E. piperita) and red bloodwood (Corymbia gummifera).[21]

Ecology

Hakea teretifolia is killed by bushfire and regenerates by seed, though plants with lignotubers have been recorded.[21]

Use in horticulture

Hakea teretifolia is rarely cultivated but is an easy plant to grow provided it has a sunny aspect. Unlike many other proteaceae it can be tolerant of poor drainage. Its extremely prickly foliage can make a good deterrent. When planted in clumps, this species provides an excellent shelter for small birds such as superb fairywrens (Malurus superbus) and the smaller sized honeyeaters. It can also prove a prickly deterrent for burglars.[2][24]

References

  1. 1 2 "Hakea teretifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  2. 1 2 Holliday, Ivan (2005). Hakeas a Field and Garden Guide. Reed New Holland. pp. 204–205. ISBN 1877069140.
  3. 1 2 3 Barker RM, Haegi L, Barker WR (1999). "Hakea". In Wilson, Annette (ed.). Flora of Australia. Vol. 17B: Proteaceae 3: Hakea to Dryandra. CSIRO Publishing / Australian Biological Resources Study. pp. 94–95. ISBN 978-0-643-06454-6.
  4. ↑ Diment, Judith (1984). "Catalogue of the Natural History drawings commissioned by Joseph Banks on the Endeavour Voyage 1768-1771 held in the British Museum (Natural History) Part 1: Botany: Australia". Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series. 11: 1-184 [148].
  5. ↑ "Banksia teretifolia". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  6. ↑ Salisbury, Richard A. (1796). Prodromus stirpium in horto ad Chapel Allerton vigentium. London. p. 51. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  7. ↑ William T. Stearn (1992). Botanical Latin. History, grammar, syntax, terminology and vocabulary (4th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Timber Press. p. 512.
  8. ↑ "Hakea". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  9. ↑ "Hakea glabra". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  10. ↑ Schrader, Heinrich; Wendland, Johann C. (1797). Sertum Hannoveranum. New York: Vandenhoeck et Ruprecht. p. 27. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  11. ↑ "Hakea teretifolia". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  12. ↑ "Hakea pugioniformis". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  13. ↑ Cavanilles, Antonio J. (1800). "Observaciones sobre el suelo, Naturales Y Plantas del Puerto Jackson y Bahia Botanica". Anales de Historia Natural. 1 (3): 213. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  14. ↑ "Conchium teretifolium". APNI. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  15. ↑ Gaertner, Joseph (1807). Supplementum carpologiae. Leipzig: Sumtibus Carol. Frid. Enoch Richter Bibliopolae Lipsiensis. p. 217. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  16. ↑ Britten, James (1916). "The plants of Salisbury's "Prodromus"". Journal of Botany, British and Foreign. 54: 60. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  17. 1 2 "Hakea teretifolia subsp. teretifolia". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  18. ↑ Bentham, George (1870). "Hakea" . Flora Australiensis . Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 491, 500.
  19. ↑ Barker, Robyn M. (1990). "New species, new combinations and other name changes in Hakea (Proteaceae)" (PDF). Journal of the Adelaide Botanic Gardens. 13: 105–106. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  20. ↑ "Hakea teretifolia subsp. hirsuta". Australian Plant Census. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  21. 1 2 3 Benson, Doug; McDougall, Lyn (2000). "Ecology of Sydney Plant Species Part 7b: Dicotyledon families Proteaceae to Rubiaceae" (PDF). Cunninghamia. 6 (4): 1017–1202 [1129]. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-06-27.
  22. ↑ Fairley, Alan; Moore, Philip (2000). Native Plants of the Sydney District:An Identification Guide (2nd ed.). Kenthurst, NSW: Kangaroo Press. p. 173. ISBN 0-7318-1031-7.
  23. ↑ "Hakea teretifolia subs. hirsuta". VICFLORA-Flora of Victoria. Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
  24. ↑ Dengate, John (2000). Attracting Birds to Your Garden. Sydney: New Holland Press. p. 21. ISBN 1-86436-411-4.
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