Engineer Otto Lilienthal, one of the forefathers of aviation. Germany, 1895.

Hang gliding is an air sport employing a foot-launchable aircraft. Typically, a modern hang glider is constructed of an aluminium alloy or composite-framed fabric wing. The pilot is ensconced in a harness suspended from the airframe, and exercises control by shifting body weight in opposition to a control frame.

Overview

Early hang glider designs did not reliably achieve safe flight, their builders lacking a comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles of flight. The first recorded controlled flights were by German engineer Otto Lilienthal, whose research, published in 1889, strongly influenced later designers.[1][2] The type of aircraft employed by Lilienthal is now referred to as a hang glider. Further hang glider research was undertaken during the 1920s in Europe,[3] Australia[4] and the US,[5][6] where designers tested several wing concepts and the 'pendulum weight-shift control system'.

In 1957 the American space agency NASA began testing various formats of a new wing called the Rogallo wing with the intent of possibly implementing the design as a recovery system for the Gemini space capsules. The wing's simplicity of design and ease of construction, in combination with its slow flight characteristics, did not go unnoticed by hang glider enthusiasts; Rogallo's flexible wing airfoil was soon adapted by John Wallace Dickenson in 1963, to the purpose of recreational flight, launching a hang glider renaissance.[7]

Early history

George Cayley constructed a slope-launched glider that flew with a pilot in 1853. Starting in the 1880s, advancements were made in aerodynamics and construction that led to the first truly practical gliders; this information was often shared and published by early aviators and inventors, building a long series of incremental achievements. Through the 1880s, several aviation pioneers emerged in different countries around the world, and they all pursued glider designs with varying degrees of success. Chief among these were Otto Lilienthal in Berlin, Germany, Lawrence Hargrave in Sydney, New South Wales in Australia, Percy Pilcher in the United Kingdom, John Joseph Montgomery at Otay Mesa near San Diego, California (1880s) as well as at Santa Clara, California (1905) Octave Chanute and his team in Gary, Indiana, in the US, to name but a few.

Otto Lilienthal duplicated some of his contemporaries' work and greatly expanded on it from 1874, publishing all of his research in 1889.[8] He also produced a series of gliders, and in 1891 was able to make controlled flights of 25 metres (82 ft) or more routinely, as well as some soaring flights. He rigorously documented his work, influencing later designers; for this reason he is one of the best known and most influential of the early aviation pioneers. His type of aircraft is now known as a hang glider. By 1896, he had made about 2,000 flights of 250 metres (820 ft) with a number of his designs when he crashed from a height of about 15 metres (49 ft), fracturing his spine.

Percy Pilcher took a growing interest in aviation and built a glider called The Bat which he flew for the first time in 1895. Later that year Pilcher met and consulted with Otto Lilienthal, who was the leading expert in gliding; these discussions led to Pilcher building two more hang gliders, The Beetle and The Gull.[9] Based on the work of his mentor Otto Lilienthal, in 1897 Pilcher built a third hang glider called The Hawk with which he broke the world distance record when he flew 250 metres (820 ft).[10]

Wasserkuppe

The hang glider lost some importance from the introduction of wing warping in 1902 by the Wright brothers and subsequently of aileron control by the French. When World War 1 ended in 1918, the Treaty of Versailles practically ended engine-driven flights in Germany, thus, in the 1920s and 1930s, while aviators and aircraft makers in the rest of the world were working to improve the performance of powered aircraft, the Germans were designing, developing and flying ever more efficient gliders and discovering ways of using the natural air flows in the atmosphere to make them fly farther and faster. These activities on Wasserkuppe promoted a renaissance of gliding aviation. Many of these gliders flown in 1920 were hang gliders in that they were controlled by the pilot's weight shift alone.[11][12] The first Wasserkuppe glider competition was held in 1920, and from 1924 they were organised by Rhön-Rossitten Gesellschaft. Over the next decade, the contest grew in popularity. As many as 70 glider clubs from Europe sent their best gliders and pilots to compete for duration, altitude and distance prizes, the most coveted prize was that donated by President Paul von Hindenburg. As many as 60,000 spectators dotted the mountain slopes to watch these events.[13] Virtually every European aeronautical engineer of the time tested and modified their aircraft there and reports were generated.[14] Some competing hang glider designers were Alfried Gymnich,[15] Gottlob Espenlaub,[16] Alexander Lippisch,[17] Heinz Schneider,[18] Francis Chardon,[19] Willi Pelzner,[20] and Hans Richter[21] while engineer Henri Mignet was busy in France[22] and Czesław Tański was busy in Poland.[23]

Invention of the flexible wing

In 1904 Jan Lavezzari demonstrated a stiffened flexible-wing hang glider in flight at Berck-sur-Mer, France. In 1908, a glider with a triangular control frame and the pilot tethered behind it was demonstrated in the territory of Breslau.[24] These two developments were not reported to aircraft designers, so they bore no influence on the later flexible wing developments.

In 1948, aeronautical engineer Francis Rogallo invented a self-inflating wing which he patented on March 20, 1951[25][26][27] as the Flexible Wing,[28] also known as the flexwing and Rogallo wing. Francis Rogallo had first proposed his flexible wing concept to the Langley Research Center in the late 1940s as a simple, inexpensive approach to recreational flying, but the idea was not accepted as a project.[29]

United States Gemini's Paresev glider in flight with tow cable.

It was on October 4, 1957, when the Russian satellite Sputnik became a concern to the United States and marked the beginning of the 'space race' and the creation of NASA. Rogallo was in position to seize the opportunity and with his help at the wind tunnels, NASA began a series of experiments testing Rogallo's flexible wing, which got renamed Parawing, in order to evaluate it as a recovery system for the project Gemini space capsules.[30] Rogallo designed his flexible wing to allow the astronauts to deploy it like a parachute at subsonic speeds during reentry, then glide their capsule to a specified touchdown point.[31] F. Rogallo's team collaborated with at least two American aircraft companies, Ryan Aeronautical Company and North American Aviation, as there was potential for gliders, dirigible parachutes, and other new types of manned aircraft; this mainly involved stabilizing the leading edges with compressed air beams or rigid structures like aluminium tubes. By 1961 NASA had already made test flights of an experimental STOL aerial utility aircraft – the Ryan XV-8 (also known as the "Flying Jeep" or "Fleep")[32][33] and by March 1962, of a weight-shift glider called Paresev.

Round parachutes were selected over the Rogallo wing to be used on the Gemini spacecraft and in 1965, funding on flexible wings research stopped.

Flexible-wing hang gliders

'Standard Rogallo' hang glider. 1975.

The simplicity of the Rogallo wing, ease of construction, capability of slow flight and its gentle landing characteristics did not go unnoticed by some hang glider and ultralight glider enthusiasts. The publicity[34] on the Fleep and the Paresev tests sparked interest in independent builders like Barry Palmer[35] and John Dickenson, who separately explored distinct airframes and control systems to be adapted to a Rogallo wing and be flown as a hang glider.

On August 1961, American engineer Barry Palmer developed and flew the first foot-launched Rogallo-wing hang glider.[36] This took place near Latrobe, east of Sacramento, California. Palmer used aluminium tubing and no wires for construction, fearing kinking during assembly. Most flights were performed with just a set of inclined parallel bars that split his weight between his underarms and hands.

The last of Palmer's foot-launched hang gliders flew in the summer of 1962 and it had a ski-lift type of seat mounted to the keel with a universal joint for pendulum weight-shift control. During the period from 1961 to 1963 Barry Palmer made tens of flights using this concept. His longest flight ranged in length up to 180 metres (590 ft), at altitudes up to 24 metres (79 ft), and had an overall glide ratio of 4.5 to 1.

Palmer's wing was heavy by today's standards and was not particularly portable. Palmer relates that he had a good aerospace job and was flying for fun. He did not attempt to modernize or market the flexible-wing hang glider and shared all details with anybody interested.[37][38]

In April 1963 Mike Burns first flew the Skiplane, a flexible wing glider on pontoons.[39] In September 1963, Australian inventor John Dickenson set out to build a water ski wing that could be released at altitude and glide to a safe landing. After seeing a Rogalo airfoil gliding parachute[34][40] in a magazine, Dickenson designed the ski kite he called the Ski Wing.[41][42] Dickenson fashioned an airframe that incorporated a triangle control frame and utilized wire bracing to distribute the load to the Rogallo airfoil; the pilot sat on a swinging seat.[43][44][45][46] Dickenson's Ski Wing was stable and controllable, unlike the flat manned kites used at water ski shows at the time.[47]

The Ski Wing was first flown in public at the Grafton Jacaranda Festival, in Grafton, New South Wales, in September 1963 by Rod Fuller while towed behind a motorboat. The Ski Wing was light and portable so Dickenson decided to file for a patent; however, lacking resources, Dickenson procured a provisional patent – which would later lapse.[48] By 1972, Australian builders Bill Bennett and Bill Moyes further developed the Dickenson format of water ski kite into a foot-launched hang glider.[49]

In 2012, John Dickenson was awarded the Gold Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, for "the invention of the modern hang glider".[50]

Rigid-wing hang gliders

There have been several rigid-wing hang gliders flown since Otto Lilienthal took his first flights in the 1890s.[51] The first two high-performing modern hang gliders, however, were the Mitchell Wing and the Icarus.

In 1908, a gliding club in Breslau had the pilot hung behind a cable-stayed triangle control frame for weight-shift control. Hang gliders with similar control were also built by Percy Pilcher, Augustus Herring, John J. Montgomery, Gottlob Espenlaub, Charles Richards, Barry Hill Palmer, George Spratt, Mike Burns, and John Dickenson.[52][53]

In the early 1940s Don Mitchell, an aeronautical engineer, first became involved with flying wing glider design and construction. WWII interrupted his research until 1974, with the advent of hang glider mania; adventurers were experimenting with design and exploring records worldwide. It was then that Mitchell's flying wing resurfaced. Dr. Howard Long took an interest and asked Don Mitchell to make him a refined 'flying wing' hang glider. The result was the foot-launched Mitchell Wing. When the foot-launched Mitchell Wing B-10 flew in the 1977 US Nationals, the hang gliding world was completely astounded. The Mitchell Wing then went on to set and hold every world record in its class. In 1980, George Worthington soared to 17,000 feet (5,200 m) high and glided 105 miles (169 km), setting two new rigid wing records. The Mitchell Wing had a single "D" spar with aircraft birch plywood torsion proof leading edge and 3-axes control.[54] Foam ribs placed every 4.5 inches (110 mm) hold the D shape. The built-up truss ribs aft of the spar are covered with fabric. This structural design is simple, extremely strong and light (under 36.5 kg (80 lb).)

In the 1950s Volmer Jensen designed the VJ-11, and VJ-23 biplane rigid-wing hang glider.

In 1971, Jack Lambie, a schoolteacher from California, designed the popular Hang Loose Chanute-style biplane hang glider.[55][56] Lambie organized the first modern era hang glider meet, the original Otto Meet, on the hills of Balboa in September 1972, and the Otto Lilienthal Universal Hang Glider Championships held on a hilltop in Corona del Mar, California, on May 23, 1971.[57]

On 1971 and 1972 the Icarus I and Icarus II were built, respectively.[58] These were rigid biplane flying wing designs by Taras Kiceniuk, Jr. The Icarus V was essentially a monoplane version of the previous Icarus

Popularity

The research by NASA as well as government reports and photographs of the flexible wing, were published and became available to the general public and soon, the Rogallo wing was turned into an easily constructed, inexpensive, foot-launchable glider. Barry Palmer corresponded with Richard Miller, who in 1964 developed the Bamboo Butterfly,[59] followed by Tara Kiceniuk's Batso. Dave Kilbourne published his blueprint for a Rogallo wing Kilbo Kite hang glider in the early 1970s.[60][61] Jim Foreman produced the Bat-Glider plans for a Rogallo-wing hang glider and sold copies for US$5 throughout the world; later, Taras Kiceniuk, Tom Dickinson and two other team members made a similar hang glider called Batso and sold copies of its plans. The plans of these hang gliders circulated in some magazines in the mid-1960s.

Eventually, word of John Dickenson's success got out and more portable flexible wing gliders were built; the sudden commercial availability of his improved water ski hang gliders in 1969 by manufacturers like Bill Bennett[62] (Delta Wing) and Bill Moyes[63][64] (Moyes Gliders) added significantly to the flexible wing's popularity, which began to rise worldwide as a full-fledged sport.

High performance hang glider launch, 2006.

The extreme nature of foot-launched hang gliding appealed to the freewheeling culture of the early 1970s across America more as an expression of freedom than an air sport.[65] Popularity was further fueled by the distribution of specialized international publications such as the Low & Slow magazine founded in 1971, Hang Glider Weekly[66] and Ground Skimmer in 1972[67] and Glider Rider in 1975.[68] Hang gliding was simultaneously promoted by major international publications such as Popular Mechanics,[69] Popular Science[70] and the Life magazine,[71] all three magazines distributed worldwide in 1971; the Sky Riders hang gliding movie was released in 1976[72][73] with a powerful effect. The British SkyWings magazine has been published monthly since 1975[74] and Cross Country, the first truly international hang gliding magazine began publication in 1988.[75]

Free hang gliding took longer to catch on in Australia, where hang gliding was a water skiing sport and part of the New South Wales Water Skiing Association. In fact, Dickenson's Ski Wing was competing in the NSWWSA kite-flying section against the polygonal Japanese style flat kites.[76] The first recorded foot-launched flight in Australia occurred in 1972 and the Australian Self Soaring Association was formed by foot-launched pilots in 1974. The first foot-launched Australian Championships were held in 1976.[77]

First flights in the early 1970s from Mt. Kilimanjaro by Moyes, and Caril Ridley's flights in India met with headlines. In 1973 the ZDF German Television produced a 30 min documentary on Mike Harker's world record hang glider flight from Mt. Zugspitze in Germany. This TV documentary helped promote the development of hang gliding in Europe. Harker also produced other hang gliding documentaries in the mid-1970s which were presented in TV by 16 countries.[78]

Although by the early 1970s many rigid wings were developed, none sold terribly well, while dozens of flexible-wing hang glider companies were springing up all over the world. The mid 1970s underwent significant improvements in hang glider design as manufacturers were bringing out new and improved models at a fast rate. From the simple structures of the early 1970s, the aspect ratio of the gliders increased dramatically, sails became tighter, battens became the rule, and the gliders became safer. In the late 1970s preformed aluminium battens became common. The Manta Fledgling IIB dominance at the 1979 US Nationals, invigorated interest in double surface wings and pilot-controlled surfaces. The "Fledge" demonstrated significant improvements in glide ratio and flight maneuvers. And in 1980, the Comet[79] took the industry by storm and popularized the free-floating internalized crossbar and double-surface sail construction that has since become the standard.

As usual, essentially parallel developments can be difficult to sort out and serialize, but in fact, the flexible-wing hang glider popularity started with the publicized Paresev and Fleep concept, followed by John Dickenson's adaptation and the aggressive entrepreneurial energies of Bill Bennett, Bill Moyes, Joe Faust, Dick Eipper, Mike Riggs, the Wills brothers[80] and the massive enthusiasm of thousands of people wanting to glide, and began what is now an estimated US$50 million annual industry.[81] Ironically, Dickenson never made any money[82] and Francis Rogallo never claimed the rights to the patent he held, thus allowing his flexible wing airfoil to be used royalty free.[83][84]

Timeline

William Beeson, inventor Flying-Machine, 1887 published instructions.
Otto Lilienthal. First documented controlled flights. Germany, 1891.
  • 1804 AD. Sir George Cayley built several gliders, distinguished between lift and drag and formulated the concepts of vertical tail surfaces, steering rudders and rear elevators.
  • 1883–86 John Joseph Montgomery independently built several gliders in the United States and used wind and water tables to formulate thoughts on lifting surfaces.[85]
  • 1887 William Beeson instructs framed flexible-wing glider with trapezed pilot pendulumed: US Patent 376937, filed in 1887, William Beeson of Montana, US[86] He evolved from his US Patents 243834, 245768, 361855 to his summary fertile 1887 teaching.
  • 1891 First controlled flights, Otto Lilienthal of Germany. His gliders have many features in common with modern hang gliders; they were foot-launched and controlled by displacing the center of gravity, referred to as 'weight-shift'.
  • 1891–96. First soaring flights. Germany, near Berlin at Gross Lichterfelde. Otto Lilienthal.
  • 1904, February 15. Jan Lavezzari flew a double lateen sail hang glider off Berck beach, France.
  • 1905 LIFE magazine shows a photograph of an early glider.[87]
  • 1905 Aeronaut Daniel Maloney pilots a balloon-launched tandem Montgomery glider from thousands of feet above the ground to a landing at a predescribed location.[85]
  • 1908. In the territory of Breslau, at a gliding club sports hang gliding meeting, the cable-stayed triangle control frame with hang glider pilot hung behind the triangle was flown.
  • Willi Pelzner ready to launch. Wasserkupee, Germany, 1920.
    1920. Soaring becomes an organized sport at Wasserkuppe, Germany as the World War I Versailles treaty outlaws flying powered aircraft in Germany.
  • 1921. Dr. Wolfgang Klemperer breaks the Wright Brothers 1911 soaring record with a 13-minute flight in Germany. Both flights used ridge lift.
  • 1921. Gottlob Espenlaub demonstrates triangle control frame for his hang glider at Rhon, Germany.
  • 1923. Platz glider. Not foot-launchable by the pilot alone. Controlled by the pilot directly deforming the front canard wings. It was not a weight-shift hang glider but it was simple enough to be folded into a single length to be carried by Platz while riding a bicycle.[88]
  • 1928. Austrian Robert Kronfeld proved that thermal lift could be used by a sailplane to gain altitude.
  • Dr. George A. Spratt towed his hang glider on floats using a motorboat. US, 1929.[89]
    1929. Aero towing becomes popular, the three forms of lift are becoming well known.
  • 1929. George A. Spratt demonstrated the use of the triangular control frame for hang glider pendulum weight-shift control, mechanically similar to that used in 1908 in a hang glider in Breslau.[90] Later in the 1930s he invented the Control Wing aircraft.
  • 1933. Wave lift was discovered by Wolf Hirth and one of his students in Germany.
  • 1948. Francis Rogallo invents the flexible wing (Rogallo wing).[91]
  • 1954 Igor Bensen continued emphatically the use of hung-pilot-behind triangle control frame for control method of kite gliders.[92]
  • 1956. Aeronautical engineer Paul MacCready invents the MacCready Speed Ring, used by glider pilots the world over to select optimum flight speed.
  • 1957, October. Francis Rogallo released the flexible wing patent to the US government and NASA, producing the Parawing, to be used as a deployable space capsule parachute/glider.
  • 1960. Paresev (Paraglider Research Vehicle) – This experimental spacecraft re-entry kite/glider made use of the Rogallo wing; flight tests made in early 1962 inspired manufacture of flexible-wing hang gliders by hobbyists.
  • 1960 The 13-year-old Tony Prentice built a framed flexible-wing bi-conical hang glider with tether control system.
  • 1961. Fleep. Powered flexible wing aircraft design & manufacture begins.
  • 1961–62. First documented foot-launch with a Rogallo flex-wing hang glider: Barry Hill Palmer, California, US. Hang glider inspired from a photo of NASA's Fleep.[93][94][95]
  • 1961. Celebrity Jim Hobson (James Hobson)(of Lawrence Welk Show fame) began experimenting with the Rogallo wing in model form, leading to the construction of a full-size glider which he flew it at Dockweiler Beach on January 2, 1962. The glider frame was fabricated from aluminum and aircraft bolts supported by aircraft cable attached to hardware store eye bolts and turnbuckles.[96] A second larger hang glider was taken to Dockweiler Beach; it featured a 4 mil polyester film reinforced with fiberglass tape. Movies of August, 1962 flights were made.
  • 1961. Engineer Thomas Purcell builds a 4.9 metres (16 ft) wide Rogallo airfoil glider with an aluminium frame, wheels, a seat and basic control rods.[97]
  • 1962. Ryan Aeronautical Company publicizes images of the Fleep flexible wing aircraft.
  • 1962. Mike Burns and Dick Swinbourne from Aerostructures, Sydney, Australia, design the Skiplane kite-glider based on the Rogallo wing. It used pendulum weight-shift control and floats.
  • 1963. John W. Dickenson, Australia. Making of the Ski Wing, the most influential hang glider model, encompassing a control frame and weight-shift control.[98][99]
  • 1963, September. First flight of the Ski Wing, towed behind a motor boat. The kite/glider was piloted by Rod Fuller and then John Dickenson. Grafton, NSW, Australia.[100]
  • 1963. First release and return to water of a Ski Wing. Grafton, Australia. Pilot: John Dickenson.
  • 1960s England. Tony Prentice designed and flew several non-Rogallo hang gliders.[101]
  • 1966. Mike Burns and Dick Swinbourne (Aerostructures) begin commercial production of Dickenson's Mark V model using the Rogallo-based wing developed by Mike Burns.
  • 1966. Early flex-wing hang glider, Vista Del Mar. California, US by Richard Miller. His gliders, based on Barry Palmer's hang glider, were named Batso and Bamboo Butterfly. Their photos and plans were published in a few magazines during the 1960s. (See the Popularity section.)
  • 1966. Irvin Industries start marketing a commercial version of the Rogallo Wing to sport parachuting enthusiasts.[102]
  • 1967, March. Bill Moyes and Bill Bennett taught to fly the Mark V hang glider by Mike Burns and John Dickenson.
  • 1967. First Australian ski-launch of a flexible-wing hang glider without auxiliary power (no towing). Launched from a snowed mountain with snow skis.- Bill Moyes. Mt. Crackenback, Australia.[103] The hang glider was a Mark V purchased from Aerostructures.
  • 1969. Initial tether into headwind then released onto ridge to soar (32 minutes). Bill Moyes. NSW, Australia.[104]
  • 1969. Tony Prentice. First flex-wing hang glider foot-launch in the United Kingdom.
  • 1971. Dave Kilbourne foot-launches and soars on ridge and thermal lift (1 hour) at Mission Peak, California, US. This seems to be the first foot-launch of a flexible wing not using skis.
  • 1971. Alfio Caronti, first flexible wing launched in Italy.[105]
  • 1972. Rick Poynter and Murray Sargeson introduce hang gliding to New Zealand at the 'Fly a Kite Day' in Auckland. The New Zealand Hang Gliding Association is formed as a result of this.

Now thousands around the world were interested in hang gliding. However, proper flight schools and uniform training guidelines did not exist. One learned the flying predominantly autodidactic. As late as autumn 1973, Mike Harker and fellow American Walt Nielsen founded the world's first alpine hang-gliding school in Scuol in the Engadine Valley, Switzerland. They taught on the ski slopes sitting on a swing seat and skiing down the slopes to gain speed and lift off. They trained many of the first kite flying pioneers who later founded their own flying schools. Almost everywhere in the world in 1974, kite makers began series production of Rogallo gliders. The first-generation hang gliders initially had less than 80 degrees nose angle and a sink rate of over 4 m / sec. These aircraft were, however, like the Australian and American role models, still unexplored and very dangerous. Flutter and spiral dives as well as mechanical breaks were the most frequent causes of accidents, which often resulted in death. The second generation in the kite construction ushered the American Roy Haggard in the spring of 1975 with his sensational "Dragonfly" one. He brought with the Dragonfly most of the improvements that ever existed in an aircraft in the kite history. From March 12 to 23, 1975, Austrian Sepp Himberger organized the first unofficial World Championship in Kössen / Tyrol. His invitation was followed by 300 hang glider pilots from all over the world who demonstrated their skills in 3-7 minute flights. The winner in the combination of time and spot landing was the American Dave Cronk with his Cumulus 5 b

  • 1973. Rick Poynter starts Pacific Sails in Auckland, New Zealand, manufacturing US and Australian Hang Glider designs under license (Seagull III, Stinger), and developing competitive indigenous designs (Falcon, Lancer I, II, IV).
  • 1974. Caril Ridley conducted high altitude flights soaring from a Maharaja's lookout tower near Sonar Hot Springs, India. The event got worldwide coverage.
  • 1975. Weltmeisterschaft im alpinen Drachenflug in Koessen/Austria
  • 1975. First Silver Screen appearance in the Australian Kung-Fu film, The Man from Hong Kong.
  • 1976. Official FAI World Championships in Hang gliding in Koessen/Austria. Terry DeLore from New Zealand is crowned first World Hang Gliding Champion. Hang gliding is now on a FAI sanctioned air sport.
  • 1976. Rudy Kishazy performs the first loop and series of loops at Grands Montets, France.[106]
  • 1977. Jerry Katz first to soar a distance of over 161 kilometres (100 mi), launching from Cerro Gordo Peak, in California's Owens Valley.
  • 1979 Manta Fledgling IIB success at US Nationals prompts new interest in double surface wings with aerodynamic controls. UP Comet design follows the improved glide ratio performance of the Fledge IIB.
  • 1980. East Germany bans hang gliding entirely, the only country to do so—ostensibly to prevent accidents, but in reality to prevent citizens using gliders to escape to the West.[107]
  • 1983. Gérard Thévenot, the manufacturer of the Cosmos trike, introduced aerotowing, the use of weak links, parachute retrieval system of tow line and centre of thrust towing.
  • 1983. Larry Tudor breaks 200 mile barrier on flex-wing.
  • 1990. Larry Tudor breaks 300 mile barrier on flex-wing.
  • 1992. The Exxtacy rigid-wing hang glider, designed by Felix Ruehle.
  • 1999. The ATOS rigid-wing hang glider, designed by Felix Ruehle.
  • 2001. Manfred Ruhmer breaks 400 mile barrier on flex-wing.
  • 2012. John W. Dickenson is awarded the Gold Air Medal by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale for the invention of the "modern hang glider".[50]

Production era

The following generations follow the classification from the British Hang Gliding Museum's Hang Gliding History: Development in Britain of the Flexwing hang glider.[108]

A basic flexible-wing glider flying over the Alps, 2006.
High-performance flexible-wing hang glider. 2006
  • 1971–75. First Generation – Interest in the sport grew worldwide; development of hang gliders on a commercial scale.
  • 1974–76. Second Generation – Increased nose angle, deflexors.
  • 1977–79. Third Generation – Multiple deflexors.
  • 1978–80. Fourth Generation- Enclosed keel and tip rods.
  • 1978. The Atlas (La Mouette) entered the market. The pilot flew in a prone position. The Atlas had all of the safety elements that can still be found today.
  • 1980–97. Fifth Generation – Preformed battens. Floating cross bar. Cross bar enclosed in double surface. Hang glider performance then increased rapidly. The first truly successful "double surface" hang gliders were the Manta Fledge IIB (1979 US Nationals), Tom Peghiny's Kestrel and later the UP "Comet" designed by Roy Haggard (1980). Virtually all hang gliders over the next decade were refinements of the Comet. The first fifth-generation hang gliders to dispense with a raised keel pocket were the Wills Wing "HP" in the US and Enterprise Wings "Foil" in Australia (1984). Bob Trampenau of Seedwings introduced the VG (variable geometry), which was copied on most other hang gliders.
  • 1997 – present. Sixth Generation – Topless (without kingpost). While topless gliders had been experimented with in the past using struts or cantilever nose plates, in the late 1990s the use of strong carbon fiber crossbars allowed the kingpost on top of the wing to be more conveniently removed to further increase performance by reducing drag.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Lilienthal, Otto (1889). The Flight of Birds as a Basis of Aviation. ISBN 978-0-938716-58-7.
  2. ↑ Flying-Machine, Otto Lilienthal's patent. Google.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  3. ↑ Griffitts, Glen (2004). "The Wings of Wasserkuppe". Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  4. ↑ Skyvington, William. "Grafton's Ski Wing". Retrieved August 13, 2008.
  5. ↑ "Spacedcraft Revolution – In the Service of Apollo". NASA. Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  6. ↑ Palmer, Barry H. "Hang Gliding, 1960 Style". Retrieved August 14, 2008.
  7. ↑ Low & Slow magazine produced by Joe Faust (1971) was the most powerful publicity tool during the early years. He followed Low & Slow with Hang Glider Weekly to reach 23 nations through 1981 with 216 editions. Joe's publications were written by a staff of scores of correspondents worldwide. A monthly publication, Ground Skimmer was started in May 1972 as a newsletter for club members in California. It soon grew to be a comprehensive magazine, recording the history of the hang gliding movement as it happened. By the end of 1973, the organization had become truly national in scope and in November 1976, the name of the magazine was changed to Hang Gliding. Glider Rider also appeared. In 2002, Hang Gliding and Paragliding magazines were combined and the resulting magazine was named Hang Gliding & Paragliding magazine.
  8. ↑ The Flight of Birds as a Basis of Aviation. ISBN 0-938716-58-1; ISBN 978-0-938716-58-7
  9. ↑ Pilcher's gliders. First-to-fly.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  10. ↑ Percy Pilcher. Spartacus-Educational.com. Retrieved February 27, 2019.
  11. ↑ "Wasserkuppe". Archived from the original on April 28, 2007.
  12. ↑ "Glider history".
  13. ↑ Spectators at Wasserkuppe. Webcitation.org. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  14. ↑ Glider Construction and Design from Der Gleit and Segelflugzeugbau, 1925. (Translated to English):
  15. ↑ Alfried Gymnich. Ntrs.nasa.gov (October 15, 2011). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  16. ↑ Gottlob Espenlaub 1922 delta hang glider: . During the Wasserkuppe 1921 hang gliding competition, he met Alexander Lippisch and both engaged in collaboration on drafts and models of gliders and hanging gliders.
  17. ↑ Alexander Lippisch. Ctie.monash.edu.au. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  18. ↑ "Ein Leben rund um – und für die Fliegerei" (in German). Archived from the original on November 1, 2008.
  19. ↑ Francis Chardon. Objectifreussir.ch. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Heinz Schneider". www.reiner-schneider.com.
  21. ↑ Hans Richter. Britannica.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  22. ↑ "Henri Mignet". Archived from the original on September 7, 2012. Retrieved August 30, 2007.
  23. ↑ (in Polish) Czesław Tański Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. Elknet.pl. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  24. ↑ Stephan Nitsch collection. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  25. ↑ As an acknowledgement of his wife's enormous contribution to the project, Francis put the patent in her name.
  26. ↑ Rogallo's patents. Kitepatents.wordpress.com (June 27, 2006). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  27. ↑ Zimmerman, Robert. "How to Fly Without a Plane". Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.
  28. ↑ Diagrams of Rogallo's flexible wing. Fang-den-wind.de. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  29. ↑ Rogallo wing proposed for recreational flying in the late 1940s. Nasa.gov (March 3, 2008). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  30. ↑ Also evaluated for recovery of used Saturn rocket stages: Space Flight Revolution
  31. ↑ In 1965 Jack Swigert, who would later be one of the Apollo 13 astronauts, softly landed a full-scale Gemini capsule using a Parawing stiffened with inflatable tubes along the wing's edges
  32. ↑ The earliest photographic press release of a Rogallo flexible wing in record dates to August 14, 1961, by Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine.
  33. ↑ Memoirs of a Ryan engineer on the Fleep: Archived July 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  34. 1 2 Press release of the XV-8 'Fleep': August 14, 1961, by Aviation Week and Space Technology magazine.
  35. ↑ Barry Palmer's web site. Dated photos.. Video of his first flights in 1961 loaded in YouTube:
  36. ↑ Several Langley employees shared Rogallo's enthusiasm for the innovative flight technology and even conducted manned flexible wing flight research during weekends on the Outer Banks with privately owned equipment. Although qualitative in nature, these investigations proved "valuable in providing quick answers and indicating promising directions for the much more costly and time consuming instrumented but unmanned NASA flight research."
  37. ↑ Interview with Gerard Farell on January 23, 2007 – January 24, 2007.
  38. ↑ Palmer moved on to invent the first ultralight trike: The Paraplane, registered by the FAA on April 24, 1967, as the Palmer Parawing D-6, serial 1A, N7144. No limitations were noted. The second craft, Skyhook was powered by a single cylinder snowmobile engine (17 hp at 5000rpm).
  39. ↑ Sky Sports, pgs 39–42, 1989 edition
  40. ↑ Interview video with John Dickenson. YouTube
  41. ↑ "Ski Wing".
  42. ↑ "Hang Gliding History and Origins". Archived from the original on October 11, 2007.
  43. ↑ Woodhams, Mark. "Who invented the flex wing hang glider?". British Columbia Hang Gliding and Paragliding Association. Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  44. ↑ Western Museum of Flight Archived June 2, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  45. ↑ "The Australian Ultralight Federation - History". Archived from the original on October 1, 2011.
  46. ↑ The weight-shift (swinging seat) and control frame are two key control concepts J. Dickenson 'imported' from water ski kites into his Ski Wing.
  47. ↑ Stability and weight-shift control are inherent flex-wing characteristics previously established and described by its inventor F. Rogallo and by NASA engineers in the Paresev and Fleep programs.
  48. ↑ On October/11/1963 Dickenson filed for a patent, and a provisional protection was awarded for his application number 36189/63 but the patent was not finally awarded:"John Dickenson - Profits left hanging by glider" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  49. ↑ Patent filed by Bill Bennett on September 24, 1969: U.S. Pat. D224248 PASSENGER CARRYING TOW KITE, approved on July 11, 1972.
  50. 1 2 "The FAI Gold Air Medal for John Dickenson". Fédération Aéronautique Internationale. July 19, 2012. Archived from the original on November 6, 2012.
  51. ↑ "Antique rigid wings". Archived from the original on October 18, 2007. Retrieved April 10, 2007.
  52. ↑ "LIFT for February 2011". energykitesystems.net.
  53. ↑ "Literature Study Guides - By Popularity - eNotes.com". eNotes.
  54. ↑ The Mitchell Wing B-10 Ultralight Motor Glider – U.S. Pacific George Worthington, holder of eight world records in hang gliding and author of the book In Search of World Records, wrote in the book..."I predict that the Mitchell Wing will be the highest performance foot-launched hang glider we'll see for a long time."
  55. ↑ Hang Loose biplane hang glider. Privitt.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  56. ↑ Jack Lambie. 1000aircraftphotos.com (February 3, 2002). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  57. ↑ From Manbirds, by Maralys Wills. Groups.google.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  58. ↑ "Kuceniek Icarus I". Smithsonian Air & Space Museum. Archived from the original on February 18, 2008.
  59. ↑ "Lesson no. 1 comes as a bit of a surprise, lateral movement to turn the Rogallo or keep it on course, call for all the gymnastic experience one can muster. When the glider turns it is in a flat skidding arc with no bank whatsoever." – Richard Miller. Taking the Leap article published in Nov. 1968 by Low & Slow and Out of Control magazine.
  60. ↑ This presented the Rogallos with a dilemma, whether to defend their patent or not. The Rogallos chose to let manufacturers freely produce their invention. Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  61. ↑ Low & Slow, published by Self-Soar Association; 24 of 36 issues are in print on a DVD currently by the USHPA. All six issues of the mid 1960s Low, Slow, and Out of Control were reprinted in one issue of Low & Slow. The Low & Slow #12 centerfold image of the December 19, 1971, Photofly" shows among other people Volmer Jensen who spanned 1940s to 1970s hang gliding making and flying; also Richard Miller is shown holding a model of his Thisledown foot-launch sailplane that went beyond his 1971-flown Conduit Condor flown at the May 23, 1971, Newport Beach Otto Lilienthal Birthday Party hang glider meet that sparked a world-around explosion of exposure for hang gliding, including a major article in Los Angeles Times with front cover and also the National Geographic magazine.
  62. ↑ Contributions by Bill Bennet as explained by the 'Smithsonian National Air & Space Museum': Delta Wing Phoenix VI "Delta Wing Phoenix VI.B Jr. (ca. 1976)". Archived from the original on August 19, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007., "Delta Wing Phoenix VI (1975)". Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007., "Delta Wing Phoenix Mariah M-9 (1977)". Archived from the original on August 17, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007., "Delta Wing Model 162 (1969)". Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007., "Delta Wing Phoenix Viper 175 (1980)". Archived from the original on July 5, 2007. Retrieved August 7, 2007., "Delta Wing Streak 130 (1982)". Archived from the original on January 18, 2008. Retrieved August 7, 2007..
  63. ↑ Moyes' story:, The History of Moyes:
  64. ↑ ABC History -an interview with Moyes. Abc.net.au (October 25, 2004). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  65. ↑ Hang Gliding Mayhem – Article. Privitt.com (May 23, 1971). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  66. ↑ Low & Slow magazine produced by Joe Faust (1971) was likely the most powerful publicity tool during the early years. He followed Low & Slow with Hang Glider Weekly to reach 23 nations through 1981. Joe's publications were written by a staff of scores of correspondents worldwide.
  67. ↑ A monthly publication, Ground Skimmer was started in May 1972 as a newsletter for club members in California. It soon grew to be a comprehensive magazine, recording the history of the hang gliding movement as it happened. By the end of 1973, the organization had become truly national in scope and in November 1976, the name of the magazine was changed to Hang Gliding. Glider Rider also appeared. In 2002, Hang Gliding and Paragliding magazines were combined and the resulting magazine was named Hang Gliding & Paragliding magazine.
  68. ↑ Glider Rider magazine -Founded by Tracy Knauss. His magazine became the Ultralight Flying! magazine
  69. ↑ Bates glider (images: "Aviation History in Iowa". Archived from the original on October 7, 2007. Retrieved February 8, 2008.) -In 1898, Carl Bates, a 14-year-old from Clear Lake, built and flew the first man-carrying glider in Iowa. In 1909 Carl Bates wrote an article entitled "How to Build a Glider". The article was published in Popular Mechanics magazine that year. The craft became known simply as "the Popular Mechanics Glider" and hundreds were built "The Popular Mechanics Glider". Archived from the original on February 24, 2004. Retrieved February 5, 2016.
  70. ↑ "Popular Mechanics and Popular Science magazines". Archived from the original on September 11, 2007. Retrieved July 14, 2007.
  71. ↑ Life magazine- September 3, 1971 issue: "The Endless Weekend."
  72. ↑ The Swallowtail hang glider was featured in the 1976 movie Sky Riders (filmed in Greece during 1975) starring James Coburn, Robert Culp, Susannah York, and Charles Aznavour. After filming of the action was complete, the Wills Wing team toured Europe and stopped by in England to win the British Championships at Mere, Wiltshire, in August 1975;
  73. ↑ James Bond (Agent 007) Live and Let Die movie released in 1972, also included a segment on hang gliding.
  74. ↑ SkyWings, British hang gliding magazine. Shop.bhpa.co.uk. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  75. ↑ Cross Country magazine Archived February 27, 2005, at the Wayback Machine
  76. ↑ Note by Mr. Stephane Malbos (Commission Internationale de Vol Libre, the Hang Gliding and Paragliding Commission of FAI) in the OZ Forum.
  77. ↑ The Hang Gliding Federation of Australia – history Archived October 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Hgfa.asn.au. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  78. ↑ Mike Harker:"Resumé of film and television experience highlights". Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 18, 2016.,
  79. ↑ The Comet was produced from 1980 to 1984 by Ultralight Products (UP). First of the double surface flexwing gliders; best performance and easier to land than its contemporaries.
  80. ↑ Wills wing. Wills wing. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  81. ↑ "nasaexplores.com - This website is for sale! - nasaexplores Resources and Information". ww1.nasaexplores.com. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
  82. ↑ Article by Mark Woodhams Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Bchpa.org. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  83. ↑ Francis Rogallo gave the U.S. government royalty-free license to use its patents, which it did in a ceremony in Washington on July 18, 1963. In a short speech, Rogallo expressed his hopes for the invention: "We feel confident that the civil and military agencies of the government will carry on this work, and we hope private industry will promote use of the concept for business and pleasure as effectively as they have for astronautics and military aeronautics."
  84. ↑ This presented the Rogallos with two choices: defend the patent and receive royalties for each kite manufactured or let people fly these newly affordable wings for free. In a gesture unparalleled in aviation history, the Rogallos decided to give their invention to the people of the world and let manufacturers freely produce gliders using their patented invention.
  85. 1 2 Harwood, Craig S. and Fogel, Gary B. Quest for Flight: John J. Montgomery and the Dawn of Aviation in the West, University of Oklahoma Press 2012
  86. ↑ TEEEITOEY – Google Patents. Google.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  87. ↑ 1905 LIFE magazine. Images.google.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  88. ↑ Platz glider model: . The Platz glider was somewhat refined by Ferdinand Schulz. Ferdinand Schulz: Archived November 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  89. ↑ Early Spratt Aircraft,
  90. ↑ Internet Archive Wayback Machine. Web.archive.org (January 17, 2007). Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  91. ↑ Zimmerman, Robert. "How to Fly Without a Plane". Archived from the original on March 1, 2007. Retrieved February 21, 2007.. Patent allowed March 20, 1951.
  92. ↑ http://energykitesystems.net/images/MechanixIllustrated1954BensenTCF.jpg
  93. ↑ Barry Palmer's web site & dated photos:. Video of his first flights in 1961 loaded in YouTube at:
  94. ↑ The last of the series flew in the summer of 1962, and had a swinging seat.
  95. ↑ During 1960 to 1963 Barry Palmer and friends made tens of flights using the Rogallo wing concept. Those flights ranged in length up to 180 meters, at altitudes up to 80 feet (24 m), and an overall glide ratio of 4.5 to 1. See also (HGPAMag 2005).
  96. ↑ Sport Aviation magazine, September, 1962; see picture. He had kinescope and video tape of the hang gliders use in a production number on "The Lawrence Welk Show", that was aired on January 27, 1962.
  97. ↑ Thomas Purcell. Madehow.com. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  98. ↑ Ski Wing. Lilienthal-museum.de. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  99. ↑ Hundreds of boat-tow kiting flights with some "free-falls" to the water, and five model upgrades were made over the next three years. His first manned-kite/glider was built of banana plastic sail, TV aerial wire, Douglas-fir leading edges and keel, aluminum cross bar, U-shaped control frame popular in flat-ski kiting – later changed to a triangular control frame by October 1963. Provisional patent applied for on October 8, 1963; full patent was not filed for, so it was not awarded or reviewed for claims."John Dickenson - Profits left hanging by glider" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on August 31, 2007. Retrieved August 12, 2008.
  100. ↑ Ski Wing . Interview with J. Dickenson, B. Moyes and F. Rogallo (1988): Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  101. ↑ Tony Prentice. Split wing – The idea is that the wing can "morph" into a single surface for normal flight but can open up for slow speed takeoff and landing. "This variable geometry provided for a greater speed range and for short field capability." -T. Prentice Archived October 18, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  102. ↑ Irvin Industries' parawing sport parachute Archived February 27, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. None. Retrieved November 29, 2011.
  103. ↑ Bill Moyes snow-ski-launches from a mountain:,
  104. ↑ Footage: , Interview: Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  105. ↑ Alfio Caronti Archived September 28, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  106. ↑ Rudy Kishazy – Loops. ; YouTube video:
  107. ↑ Grothe, Solveig (January 30, 2012). "Verbotener Sport: Siegfrieds Kampf für den Drachen". Spiegel Online. Retrieved January 30, 2012.
  108. ↑ "Hang Gliding History". Archived from the original on July 5, 2004.

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