The premises of the Helbing auction house were located in the building at Liebigstr. 21/corner of Wagmüllerstr. 15 in Munich.
One of the paintings sold by the auction house Hugo Helbing: Carl Schuch's Wald mit gefällten Bäumen from 1868.

Hugo Helbing (23 April 1863 – 30 November 1938) was a German art dealer and auctioneer.

The Helbing art shop

Born in Munich, Helbing was a son of Sigmund Helbing, who ran an antique dealer in Munich from the middle of the 19th century. His sons also became active in this field: Helbing had a respected coin shop in Munich, his brother Ludwig opened an antique shop in Nuremberg, and Hugo Helbing founded the Kunsthandlung Hugo Helbing in 1885.[1]

From 1906 Helbing ran the company together with other co-owners, including his son Fritz from his first marriage.[2] The internationally renowned house had branches in Berlin and Frankfurt, and Helbing was appointed to the rank of Kommerzienrat.[3] Helbing's auctions, which lasted several days and were held in collaboration with Paul Cassirer from 1916 until the 1920s, were considered social events and were "a piece of cultural history of our century".[4][5] Between 1930 and 1935 alone, the Helbing auction house published 123 auction catalogues, making it one of the largest auction houses of the time.[3] The antiquarian Max Ziegert portrayed Helbing in his memoirs:

The man is a figure in Munich's art life and knows it. When I had business dealings with him, I always felt defenceless. He was so above me that I simply had to say yes when he wanted something. He raped you with the greatest kindness and urbanity. […]

Max Ziegert (2009). Schattenrisse deutscher Antiquare – Persönliche Erinnerungen aus den Jahren 1870 bis 1915. Elbingen: Verband Deutscher Antiquare. ISBN 978-3-9812223-3-3.

Family

Helbing married Sophie, née Liebermann, in his first marriage and had two sons with her, Rudolf and Friedrich David (Fritz). Rudolf died as an infant; his son Fritz, born in Munich on 16 December 1888, was married three times but remained childless. In 1926, Helbing married his second wife Lydia Ludwina, née Vorndran, born on 10 April 1884 in Würzburg.[2]

From 1908, Helbing acted as guardian to his nephew Fritz Nathan, son of his sister Irene, who had become an orphan at the age of 13.[1]

During the National Socialist era

In March 1933, shortly after the seizure of power by the Nazis, the auction Gemälde alter und neuer Meister was held in Düsseldorf Breidenbacher Hof[6] which had been organised by Helbing together with the art dealer Alfred Flechtheim and the Galerie Paffrath, was broken off by the Sturmabteilung. The gallery owner was forced into this demolition because of Helbing's and Flechtheim's Jewish origins, and the works Degenerate Art were confiscated. The Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen writes: "Such disturbances against art dealers were common after the National Socialists came to power. Actions like the one at the Paffrath Gallery were carried out by the Kampfbund für deutsche Kultur under the leadership of Alfred Rosenberg". Flechtheim himself was not present when the auction was cancelled; he had "literally collapsed" when he heard about it. He left Germany in October 1933 and died in London four years later.[7]

In 1935, Helbing's membership in the Reichskammer der bildenden Künste was revoked because he was Jewish, and with it his auction licence expired. Helbing had tried to prove the great economic importance of his company by listing his sales with the Bavarian State Ministry, Department for Trade, Industry and Commerce, but the Reich Chamber refused to grant him a further auction licence "in view of auction regulations".[3] From then on he had to have his business run by an "arian" employee; the other Jewish co-owners had to leave.[3]

On 9 November 1938, the Helbing art shop was closed and Max Heiss, an employee of the Reich Chamber of Fine Arts, was appointed as "trustee".[2][8] Helbing himself was beaten up on the same day in his residence in front of his wife during the riots of the Kristallnacht.[9] He was taken by wheelbarrow to the Israelitisches Kranken- und Schwesternheim, but any medical help came too late. On 30 November 1938, the 75-year-old succumbed to his severe injuries at home.[3][10] His son Fritz and his third wife Doris, née Goldstein, were deported in 1942 or 1943 to the extermination camp Auschwitz and murdered.[11]

After Helbing's Death

From 1936 onwards, the art market in Munich was dominated by NSDAP member Adolf Weinmüller, who as chairman of the Bundes deutscher Kunst- und Antiquitätenhändler was partly responsible for Helbing no longer being able to work in the art trade and as an auctioneer. He had previously been actively involved in the Gesetz über das Versteigerungsgewerbe (Law on the Auction Trade), which aimed to systematically eliminate Jewish art dealers and antiquarians.[12]

In 1956, Helbing's widow Lydia stated for the Wiedergutmachung that the "trustee" Heiss had also had art objects that had been in the family's possession transferred from the private flat to the art shop. At the reading of the will, Heiss had declared that the company would be closed down within a few hours on behalf of the NSDAP if Lydia Helbing and her son Fritz accepted the inheritance.[2] Heiss "arisierte" the Helbing company through sale to Jakob Scheidwimmer, NSDAP member since 1929,[13] for 30,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁. In 1939/40, he sold Helbing's properties in Munich.[2]

However, Scheidwimmer was not granted an auction licence and continued to run the business as a pure art gallery.[14] He sold art objects, also from Helbing's private property, to Martin Bormann, among others, such as the painting Straße am Golf von Neapel by Oswald Achenbach for the Residenzschloss Posen intended as "Führer Residence".[15] In 1957, Helbing's heirs were awarded damages of DM 5,000 for the paintings taken from their private property on the basis of a settlement.[2]

Helbing's nephew Fritz Nathan emigrated to Switzerland with his family in 1936 and build a new existence there as an art dealer and advisor to important art collectors Emil Buehrle and Oskar Reinhart .[1][16][17][18]

The discovery of 187 auction catalogues from Helbing's auction house became public in 2021. The catalogues, which cover the years 1896 to 1937 and are annotated, are of importance among others for the provenance research because of the significance of the Kunsthandlung Hugo Helbing.[19]

References

  1. 1 2 3 Götz Adriani (2005). Die Kunst des Handelns. Meisterwerke des 14. bis 20. Jahrhunderts bei Peter und Fritz Nathan. Hatje Cantz Verlag. p. 269. ISBN 3-7757-1658-0. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Provenienzrecherche – Oswald Achenbach". Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 "Auktionshäuser in München". arthistoricum.net. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  4. ↑ Georg Brühl (1991). Die Cassirers, Streiter für den Impressionismus. Leipzig. p. 162.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link), quoted after Anja-Walter Ries (2003). "Die Geschichte der Galerie Nierendorf. Kunstleidenschaft im Dienst der Moderne Berlin/New York 1920–1995" (PDF). Phil. Diss. FU Berlin. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  5. ↑ Julia Voss (9 November 2013). "Die Pogrome und der Kunstbetrieb. 9. November". Frankfurter Allgemeine. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  6. ↑ Gemälde alter und neuer Meister und Skulpturen : aus rheinischem, Berliner und ausländischem Museums- und Privatbesitz - darunter Bildnisse u.a aus dem ehemaligen Palais Radziwill in Berlin. OCLC World Cat. OCLC 703596587. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  7. ↑ "Auktionen". Alfred Flechtheim.com. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  8. ↑ Max Heiss (1904-1971) was director of the Munich City Museum from 1954 to 1969. See "Komplizen des Systems". Die Welt. 20 May 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2021. According to Hopp, however, these were two different people, the art painter and National Socialist Max Heiss (1904-1971), who later became director of the City Museum, and the art dealer, National Socialist and friend of the Gauleiter Adolf Wagner, Max Heiss (1891-1962), who was officially appointed liquidator of the Helbing art shop in May 1939. Meike Hopp: Kunsthandel im Nationalsozialismus: Adolf Weinmüller in München und Wien, 2012, p. 84, Fn. 254, pp. 85–95
  9. ↑ Michael Mertes (8 November 2013). "Es kam von Innen". Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  10. ↑ According to the death certificate, Helbing died (after being hospitalised, as nothing more could be done for him at the hospital) in his home at Wagmüllerstraße 15. Meike Hopp: Kunsthandel im Nationalsozialismus: Adolf Weinmüller in München und Wien, 2012, p. 84, Fn. 253
  11. ↑ "Provenienzrecherche - Lukas d. Ä. Cranach". Bundesamt für zentrale Dienste und offene Vermögensfragen. Archived from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  12. ↑ Die heutige Inhaberin des früheren Kunstauktionshauses Weinmüller (today Neumeister Münchener Kunstauktionshaus), Katrin Stoll, commissioned a study on the history of their company during the Nazi era, which was published in 2012 by Meike Hopp.
  13. ↑ "Cassirer and Cohen - draft family genealogy - Person Sheet". genealogy.meta-studies.net. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  14. ↑ Meike Hopp: Kunsthandel im Nationalsozialismus: Adolf Weinmüller in München und Wien. 2012, pp. 95–98.
  15. ↑ Scheidwimmer also played an inglorious role in other sales of art from Jewish ownership. The case of a painting by Camille Pissarro, Rue Saint-Honoré in the Afternoon with Rain, which Lilly Cassirer-Neubauer was forced to give him for 900 ℛ︁ℳ︁ in 1939 in order to obtain an exit visa, became particularly well-known. Today the painting hangs in the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum in Madrid, its value is estimated at 20 million dollars. See: "Spain stands off grandson, who fled Nazis to Casablanca and Cleveland, over Pissarro painting sold by Thyssen heir". The Los Angeles Times. 14 April 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2021. Other cases in which Scheidwimmer was involved: "Sozietät Scheidwimmer". Deutsches Historisches Museum. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  16. ↑ "Schwarzbuch Bührle: Raubkunst für das Kunsthaus Zürich? - The Bührle Black Book: Looted Art for the Kunsthaus Zurich?". www.lootedart.com. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  17. ↑ swissinfo.ch, Michèle Laird. "Swiss urged to provide missing links to Nazi-looted art". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  18. ↑ "Bührle et ses chefs-d'œuvre au prix du sang - 9 mai 2019 - Le Journal des Arts - n° 523". Le Journal Des Arts (in French). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
  19. ↑ Brita Sachs: Schatzfund bei Karl & Faber. In Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. 29 April 2021.

Further reading

  • Meike Hopp: Kunsthandel im Nationalsozialismus: Adolf Weinmüller in München und Wien. Dissertation. Böhlau, Cologne/ Weimar/ Wien 2012, ISBN 978-3-412-20807-3, pp. 74–98.
  • Wolfram Selig: „Arisierung“ in München, die Vernichtung jüdischer Existenz 1937–1939. Metropol, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-936411-33-6.
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